Pun\u00ebt e shumta si gatimi, larja e en\u00ebve dhe rrobave, rregullimi i shtret\u00ebrve, pastrimi, blerjet etj., q\u00eb me nj\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt i quajm\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, marrin mesatarisht tre deri n\u00eb kat\u00ebr mij\u00eb or\u00eb brenda vitit t\u00eb nj\u00eb amviseje t\u00eb zakonshme. Sado trondit\u00ebse t\u00eb duket kjo statistik\u00eb, ajo as q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin v\u00ebmendjen e vazhdueshme, e t\u00eb pamatshme, q\u00eb n\u00ebnat duhet t\u2019u kushtojn\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Ashtu si\u00e7 merren gjithmon\u00eb si t\u00eb mir\u00ebqena detyrat e saj si n\u00ebn\u00eb, edhe puna e saj e pafund si amvise rrall\u00ebher\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet brenda familjes. Pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, jan\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb padukshme: askush nuk i v\u00ebren ato derisa t\u00eb mos jen\u00eb kryer \u2013 ne v\u00ebm\u00eb re shtratin e pashtruar, por jo dyshemen\u00eb e lar\u00eb dhe t\u00eb lustruar. E padukshme, e p\u00ebrs\u00ebritur, rraskapit\u00ebse, joproduktive, aspak kreative – jan\u00eb mbiemrat q\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb miri p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb natyr\u00ebn e pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nd\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsimi i ri q\u00eb lidhet me l\u00ebvizjen bashk\u00ebkohore t\u00eb grave po inkurajon nj\u00eb num\u00ebr gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb madh grash t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb nga partner\u00ebt e tyre burra leht\u00ebsim nga kjo barr\u00eb e lodhshme. Tashm\u00eb, shum\u00eb burra kan\u00eb filluar t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb partneret e tyre n\u00eb pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, madje disa prej tyre u kushtojn\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb k\u00ebtyre pun\u00ebve. Por sa prej k\u00ebtyre burrave jan\u00eb \u00e7liruar nga ideja se pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb jan\u00eb \u201cpun\u00eb t\u00eb grave\u201d? Sa prej tyre nuk do ta p\u00ebrshkruanin p\u00ebrfshirjen e tyre n\u00eb pastrimin e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb si \u201cndihm\u00eb\u201d p\u00ebr partneret e tyre?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishte e mundur q\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht t\u00eb zhb\u00ebhej ideja se pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb jan\u00eb \u201cpun\u00eb t\u00eb grave\u201d dhe ato t\u00eb ndaheshin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb mes burrave dhe grave, a do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte kjo nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqshme? Derisa shumica e grave me d\u00ebshir\u00eb do t\u00eb mir\u00ebpritnin ardhjen e \u201camvisit\u201d, deseksualizimi i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb ndryshonte realisht natyr\u00ebn shtyp\u00ebse t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre pun\u00ebve. P\u00ebrfundimisht as grat\u00eb e as burrat nuk duhet t\u00eb harxhojn\u00eb or\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7muara t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, duke u marr\u00eb me nj\u00eb pun\u00eb, q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb as stimuluese dhe as produktive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nj\u00eb nga sekretet m\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtura t\u00eb shoq\u00ebrive t\u00eb avancuara kapitaliste lidhet me mund\u00ebsin\u00eb – mund\u00ebsin\u00eb reale \u2013 t\u00eb transformimit radikal t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e konsiderueshme e pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00eb amviseje mund t\u00eb integrohet n\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb industriale. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb pse t\u00eb konsiderohen m\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht dhe pandryshuesh\u00ebm si p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi private. Ekipe t\u00eb trajnuara dhe t\u00eb paguara mir\u00eb, q\u00eb l\u00ebvizin nga nj\u00eb banes\u00eb te tjetra, duke p\u00ebrdorur pajisje pastrimi teknologjikisht t\u00eb avancuara, mund t’i kryejn\u00eb shpejt dhe me efikasitet pun\u00ebt q\u00eb nj\u00eb amvise e sotme i b\u00ebn me v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb primitive. Pse ka heshtje kaq t\u00eb thell\u00eb rreth potencialit p\u00ebr t\u00eb rip\u00ebrcaktuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb radikale natyr\u00ebn e pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb? Sepse ekonomia kapitaliste \u00ebsht\u00eb strukturalisht armiq\u00ebsore ndaj industrializimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Socializimi i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb do t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptonte subvencione t\u00eb m\u00ebdha nga qeveria p\u00ebr t\u00eb garantuar qasje p\u00ebr familjet e klas\u00ebs pun\u00ebtore, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebto sh\u00ebrbime. Meqen\u00ebse kjo do t\u00eb prodhonte pak fitim, industrializimi i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb – si \u00e7do nd\u00ebrmarrje jofitimprur\u00ebse – \u00ebsht\u00eb i papranuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr ekonomin\u00eb kapitaliste. Megjithat\u00eb, zgjerimi i shpejt\u00eb i forc\u00ebs pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb grave do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se \u00e7doher\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb grat\u00eb do ta ken\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00eblqejn\u00eb si amvise sipas standardeve tradicionale. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, industrializimi dhe socializimi i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb po shnd\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb objektive shoq\u00ebrore. Pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi individuale dhe private e grave dhe si nj\u00eb pun\u00eb e feminizuar q\u00eb kryhet n\u00eb kushte teknike primitive, mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb duke ju ardh\u00eb fundi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Megjith\u00ebse pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, si\u00e7 i njohim sot, me kalimin e koh\u00ebs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mund t\u00eb mbeten nj\u00eb relik\u00eb e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs, q\u00ebndrimet mbizot\u00ebruese shoq\u00ebrore vazhdojn\u00eb ta lidhin gjendjen e p\u00ebrjetshme fem\u00ebrore me imazhet e fshesave dhe tenxhereve, leckave dhe kovave, p\u00ebrpar\u00ebseve dhe shporet\u00ebve. \u00cbsht\u00eb po ashtu e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb puna e grave, nga nj\u00eb epok\u00eb historike n\u00eb tjetr\u00ebn, \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhur p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht me sht\u00ebpin\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, puna e grave n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi nuk ka qen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb sot, sepse, si t\u00eb gjitha fenomenet shoq\u00ebrore, pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb jan\u00eb nj\u00eb produkt i ndryshuesh\u00ebm i historis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore. P\u00ebrderisa sistemet ekonomike jan\u00eb ngritur dhe kan\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb, natyra dhe cil\u00ebsia e pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb kan\u00eb p\u00ebsuar transformime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Si\u00e7 argumenton Friedrich Engels n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e tij klasike \u201cOrigjina e Familjes, Pron\u00ebs Private dhe Shtetit\u201d, pabarazia gjinore, si\u00e7 e njohim sot, nuk ekzistonte para shfaqjes s\u00eb pron\u00ebs private. Gjat\u00eb epokave t\u00eb hershme t\u00eb historis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore, ndarja gjinore e pun\u00ebs brenda sistemit t\u00eb prodhimit ekonomik ishte komplementare dhe jo hierarkike. N\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb ku burrat ishin p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr gjuetin\u00eb e kafsh\u00ebve t\u00eb egra dhe grat\u00eb nga ana tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebr mbledhjen e perimeve dhe frutave t\u00eb egra, t\u00eb dyja gjinit\u00eb kryenin funksione ekonomike t\u00eb cilat ishin nj\u00ebsoj t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr mbijetes\u00ebn e komunitetit. P\u00ebr shkak se komuniteti, gjat\u00eb atyre epokave, ishte kryesisht familja e gjer\u00eb, roli qendror i grave n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb b\u00ebnte q\u00eb ato t\u00eb ishin an\u00ebtare t\u00eb vler\u00ebsuara e t\u00eb respektuara t\u00eb komunitetit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u00ebrqendrimi i obligimeve t\u00eb grave n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi n\u00eb kulturat para- kapitaliste u dramatizua p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoje personale gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtimi me xhip q\u00eb b\u00ebra n\u00eb vitin 1973 n\u00ebp\u00ebr Rrafshnalt\u00ebn Masai. N\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb izoluar n\u00eb Tanzani, vura re gjasht\u00eb gra Masai q\u00eb balanconin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb enigmatike nj\u00eb d\u00ebrras\u00eb t\u00eb madhe mbi kokat e tyre. Miqt\u00eb e mi nga Tanzania m\u00eb shpjeguan se ato gra me gjas\u00eb po transportonin nj\u00eb \u00e7ati sht\u00ebpie drejt nj\u00eb fshati t\u00eb ri, i cili ishte duke u nd\u00ebrtuar. Si\u00e7 m\u00ebsova, nd\u00ebr Masai-t, grat\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha aktivitetet sht\u00ebpiake, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe nd\u00ebrtimin e sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme t\u00eb popullit t\u00eb tyre nomad. Pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb p\u00ebr grat\u00eb Masai nuk p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb vet\u00ebm gatimin, pastrimin, rritjen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve dhe qepjen, por edhe nd\u00ebrtimin e sht\u00ebpive. Sado t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb jen\u00eb aktivitetet e burrave me blegtorin\u00eb, \u201cpun\u00ebt sht\u00ebpiake\u201d t\u00eb grave jan\u00eb po aq produktive e thelb\u00ebsore sa edhe kontributet ekonomike t\u00eb burrave Masai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb nomade para-kapitaliste t\u00eb Masai-ve, puna e grave n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr ekonomin\u00eb sa dhe pun\u00ebt e rritjes s\u00eb bag\u00ebtive q\u00eb kryejn\u00eb burrat e tyre. Si prodhuese, grat\u00eb g\u00ebzojn\u00eb status t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm shoq\u00ebror q\u00eb korrespondon me rolin ekonomik t\u00eb tyre. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb e avancuara kapitaliste, puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb e orientuar kah sh\u00ebrbimi, q\u00eb grat\u00eb rrall\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetojn\u00eb me prova t\u00eb prekshme, p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht zvog\u00eblon statusin shoq\u00ebror t\u00eb grave. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, sipas ideologjis\u00eb borgjeze, amvisja shihet thjesht\u00eb si sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtore e p\u00ebrjetshme e burrit t\u00eb saj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Origjina e konceptit borgjez p\u00ebr gruan si sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtore e p\u00ebrjetshme e burrit \u00ebsht\u00eb histori dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse n\u00eb vete. Brenda historis\u00eb relativisht t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr t\u00eb Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara, figura e amvises si nj\u00eb produkt historik i p\u00ebrfunduar, \u00ebsht\u00eb prezente n\u00eb fare pak m\u00eb gjat\u00eb se nj\u00eb shekull. Gjat\u00eb epok\u00ebs koloniale, puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb ishte krejt\u00ebsisht ndryshe nga ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb sot pun\u00eb e p\u00ebrditshme e nj\u00eb amviseje n\u00eb ShBA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cPuna e nj\u00eb gruaje fillonte me lindjen e diellit dhe vazhdonte n\u00ebn drit\u00ebn e zjarrit, p\u00ebr aq koh\u00eb sa ajo mund t\u00eb mbante syt\u00eb hapur. P\u00ebr dy shekuj, pothuajse gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb familja p\u00ebrdorte, apo hante, prodhohej n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi n\u00ebn drejtimin e saj. Ajo tjerrte dhe ngjyroste fijen q\u00eb e kthente n\u00eb p\u00eblhur\u00eb dhe pastaj e priste dhe e qepte me dor\u00eb n\u00eb veshje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ajo kultivonte nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb ushqimit q\u00eb familja e saj konsumonte dhe ruante mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar muajt e dimrit. Ajo prodhonte gjalp\u00eb, djath\u00eb, buk\u00eb, qirinj dhe sapun dhe thurte \u00e7orapet e familjes s\u00eb saj.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb bujq\u00ebsore para-industriale t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs s\u00eb Veriut, gruaja q\u00eb kryente pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb ishte tjerr\u00ebse, thur\u00ebse e rrobaqep\u00ebse, si dhe buk\u00ebpjek\u00ebse, prodhuese gjalpi, qirinjsh e sapuni. Dhe lista vazhdon, etj., etj., etj. N\u00eb fakt, \u201cpresionet e prodhimit n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi linin shum\u00eb pak koh\u00eb p\u00ebr detyrat q\u00eb sot do i njohim si pun\u00eb t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Sipas t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrshkrimeve, grat\u00eb para Revolucionit Industrial do t\u00eb ishin amvise t\u00eb ngath\u00ebta sipas standardeve t\u00eb sotme. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb pastrimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrditsh\u00ebm ose javor, ekzistonte pastrimi pranveror. Shujtat ishin t\u00eb thjeshta e t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritura; rrobat nd\u00ebrroheshin rrall\u00eb; dhe larja e rrobave lejohej t\u00eb grumbullohej, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb muaj, apo n\u00eb disa familje nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb tre muaj. Dhe, sigurisht, meqen\u00ebse \u00e7do larje k\u00ebrkonte bartjen dhe ngrohjen e shum\u00eb kovave me uj\u00eb, standardet e larta t\u00eb past\u00ebrtis\u00eb binin leht\u00ebsisht.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Grat\u00eb koloniale nuk ishin pastrueset apo kujdestaret e sht\u00ebpive, por pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta e t\u00eb afta n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb me baz\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 q\u00eb prodhonin shumic\u00ebn e produkteve q\u00eb u nevojiteshin familjeve t\u00eb tyre, ato gjithashtu kujdeseshin edhe p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin e familjeve dhe komuniteteve t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cIshte p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsia e gruas koloniale t\u00eb mblidhte dhe thante bim\u00ebt e egra q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren… si ila\u00e7e; ajo sh\u00ebrbente gjithashtu si mjeke, infermiere dhe mami brenda familjes s\u00eb saj dhe komunitetit.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb librin popullor me receta koloniale, United States Practical Recipe Book, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 recetave p\u00ebr ushqime, p\u00ebrfshihen edhe receta p\u00ebr kimikate sht\u00ebpiake dhe ila\u00e7e. P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuruar infeksionin k\u00ebrpudhor t\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00ebs, \u201cmerrni pak \u2018rr\u00ebnj\u00eb gjaku\u2019…cop\u00ebtojeni, vendoseni n\u00eb uthull, dhe me l\u00ebngun e fituar shp\u00ebrlajeni vendin e infektuar\u201d. R\u00ebnd\u00ebsia ekonomike e funksioneve t\u00eb grave n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, n\u00eb Amerik\u00ebn koloniale, plot\u00ebsohej nga rolet e tyre t\u00eb dukshme n\u00eb aktivitetet ekonomike jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, ishte krejt\u00ebsisht e pranueshme q\u00eb nj\u00eb grua t\u00eb ishte pronare tavernash.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cGrat\u00eb po ashtu drejtonin fabrika druri dhe mullinj, thurnin karrige t\u00eb kallamit dhe nd\u00ebrtonin orendi, udh\u00ebhiqnin thertore, shtypnin pambuk dhe p\u00eblhura t\u00eb tjera, b\u00ebnin dantella dhe zot\u00ebronin apo menaxhonin dyqane mallrash t\u00eb thata dhe veshjesh. Ato punonin n\u00eb dyqane duhani, farmaci (ku shisnin p\u00ebrzierjet q\u00eb i p\u00ebrgatisnin vet\u00eb) dhe dyqane t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme q\u00eb ofronin gjith\u00e7ka, nga gjilp\u00ebrat deri te peshoret p\u00ebr mish. Grat\u00eb bluanin xhamat p\u00ebr syze, rregullonin krehrat p\u00ebr lesh dhe madje lyenin sht\u00ebpit\u00eb. Shpeshher\u00eb, ato ishin edhe varrmih\u00ebset e qytetit…\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rritja e industrializimit pas revolucionit, \u00e7oi n\u00eb shumimin e fabrikave n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn verilindore t\u00eb vendit t\u00eb ri. Kombinatet e tekstilit t\u00eb New England ishin pionier\u00ebt e suksessh\u00ebm t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb fabrikave. Meqen\u00ebse tjerrja dhe thurja ishin pun\u00eb tradicionale t\u00eb grave n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, ato ishin pun\u00ebtoret e para q\u00eb u rekrutuan nga pronar\u00ebt e mullinjve, p\u00ebr t\u00eb operuar me vegj\u00ebt e ri t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb. Duke pasur parasysh p\u00ebrjashtimin e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb grave nga prodhimi industrial n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, \u00ebsht\u00eb dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse q\u00eb disa nga pun\u00ebtoret e para industriale ishin gra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Me avancimin e industrializimit, i cili zhvendosi prodhimin ekonomik nga sht\u00ebpia n\u00eb fabrik\u00eb, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb grave p\u00ebsoi nj\u00eb erozion sistematik. Grat\u00eb humb\u00ebn n\u00eb dy aspekte: nd\u00ebrsa pun\u00ebt e tyre tradicionale u uzurpuan nga fabrikat q\u00eb po shtoheshin, e gjith\u00eb ekonomia u largua nga sht\u00ebpia, duke i l\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00eb gra kryesisht pa role t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme ekonomike. Nga mesi i shekullit t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, fabrikat po prodhonin tekstil, qirinj dhe sapun. Madje edhe gjalpi, buka dhe produkte t\u00eb tjera ushqimore filluan t\u00eb prodhoheshin n\u00eb mas\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit, pothuajse askush m\u00eb nuk prodhonte vet\u00eb niseshten\u00eb as nuk zienin rrobat n\u00ebp\u00ebr kazane. N\u00eb qytete, grat\u00eb blinin t\u00eb gatshme buk\u00ebn dhe t\u00eb brendshmet, d\u00ebrgonin f\u00ebmij\u00ebt n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb dhe ndoshta lanin disa rroba jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, dhe diskutonin p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsit\u00eb e ushqimeve t\u00eb konservuara. Rrjedha e industris\u00eb kishte tejkaluar, duke l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura vegun n\u00eb papafingo dhe kazanin e sapunit n\u00eb depo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Me konsolidimin e kapitalizmit industrial, ndarja midis sfer\u00ebs s\u00eb re ekonomike dhe ekonomis\u00eb tradicionale t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb u b\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb rigoroze. Zhvendosja fizike e prodhimit ekonomik, e shkaktuar nga p\u00ebrhapja e sistemit t\u00eb fabrikave, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte padyshim nj\u00eb transformim drastik. Por edhe m\u00eb radikal ishte rivler\u00ebsimi i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm i prodhimit, i imponuar nga sistemi i ri ekonomik. Nd\u00ebrsa mallrat e prodhuara n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi ishin t\u00eb vlefshme kryesisht sepse plot\u00ebsonin nevojat baz\u00eb t\u00eb familjes, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e produkteve t\u00eb prodhuara n\u00eb fabrika q\u00ebndronte kryesisht n\u00eb vler\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit – aft\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00ebsuar k\u00ebrkesat e pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsve p\u00ebr fitim. Ky rivler\u00ebsim i prodhimit ekonomik d\u00ebshmoi – p\u00ebrtej ndarjes fizike midis sht\u00ebpis\u00eb dhe fabrik\u00ebs – nj\u00eb ndarje strukturore t\u00eb thell\u00eb midis ekonomis\u00eb me baz\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi dhe ekonomis\u00eb kapitaliste, t\u00eb orientuar drejt fitimit. Meqen\u00ebse pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb nuk gjenerojn\u00eb fitim, kjo form\u00eb e pun\u00ebs u p\u00ebrcaktua natyrsh\u00ebm si form\u00eb inferiore e pun\u00ebs, krahasuar me pun\u00ebn kapitaliste me pag\u00eb. Nj\u00eb n\u00ebnprodukt ideologjik i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i k\u00ebtij transformimi radikal ekonomik ishte lindja e konceptit t\u00eb \u201camvises.\u201d Grat\u00eb filluan t\u00eb riformuloheshin ideologjikisht si kujdestare t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb zhvler\u00ebsuar sht\u00ebpiake. Si ideologji megjithat\u00eb, ky riformulim i rolit t\u00eb grave kund\u00ebrshtohej hapur nga numri i madh i grave emigrante q\u00eb mbushnin radh\u00ebt e klas\u00ebs pun\u00ebtore n\u00eb verilindje. K\u00ebto emigrante t\u00eb bardha ishin pun\u00ebtore me pag\u00eb para se t\u00eb ishin amvise. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, kishte miliona gra t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb detyruara t\u00eb punonin larg sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, si prodhuese n\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb skllavopronare t\u00eb jugut. Realiteti i rolit t\u00eb grave n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb e shekullit XIX n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara p\u00ebrfshinte gra t\u00eb bardha, dit\u00ebt e t\u00eb cilave kalonin duke drejtuar makineri fabrikash p\u00ebr paga minimale, po aq sa p\u00ebrfshinte grat\u00eb zezake q\u00eb punonin n\u00ebn detyrimin e skllav\u00ebris\u00eb. \u201cAmvisja\u201d reflektonte nj\u00eb realitet t\u00eb pjessh\u00ebm, pasi ajo ishte n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb simbol i prosperitetit ekonomik q\u00eb shijohej nga klasat e mesme n\u00eb zhvillim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Megjith\u00ebse koncepti i \u201camvises\u201d ishte rr\u00ebnjosur n\u00eb kushtet shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb borgjezis\u00eb dhe klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme, ideologjia e shekullit XIX e vendosi amvisen dhe n\u00ebn\u00ebn si modele universale t\u00eb gruas. Duke qen\u00eb se propaganda popullore p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte misionin e grave si nj\u00eb funksion i roleve t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, grat\u00eb q\u00eb detyroheshin t\u00eb punonin p\u00ebr paga filluan t\u00eb trajtoheshin si vizitore t\u00eb huaja brenda bot\u00ebs mashkullore t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb publike. Duke dal\u00eb jasht\u00eb \u201csfer\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre natyrore\u201d, grat\u00eb nuk u trajtuan si pun\u00ebtore me pag\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb. \u00c7mimi q\u00eb ato paguan p\u00ebrfshinte or\u00eb t\u00eb gjata pune, kushte pune n\u00ebn \u00e7do standard dhe paga jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb ul\u00ebta. Shfryt\u00ebzimi i tyre ishte edhe m\u00eb i madh se ai i burrave. Pa dyshim, seksizmi u shfaq si nj\u00eb burim fitimesh t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme p\u00ebr kapitalist\u00ebt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ndarja strukturore, midis ekonomis\u00eb publike kapitaliste dhe ekonomis\u00eb private t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrforcuar vazhdimisht nga primitivizmi k\u00ebmb\u00ebngul\u00ebs i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Pavar\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb pajisjeve p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim sht\u00ebpiak, puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb ka mbetur cil\u00ebsisht e pandryshuar nga p\u00ebrparimet teknologjike q\u00eb burojn\u00eb nga kapitalizmi industrial. Pun\u00ebt sht\u00ebpiake ende z\u00ebn\u00eb mij\u00ebra or\u00eb n\u00eb vitin mesatar t\u00eb nj\u00eb amviseje. N\u00eb vitin 1903, Charlotte Perkins Gilman propozoi nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim t\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, q\u00eb pasqyronte ndryshimet e m\u00ebdha q\u00eb kishin transformuar struktur\u00ebn dhe p\u00ebrmbajtjen e pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201c\u2026 Termi ‘pun\u00eb t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb’ nuk i referohet nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb pune, por nj\u00eb niveli t\u00eb caktuar pune, nj\u00eb gjendjeje zhvillimi n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn kalojn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha llojet e pun\u00ebs. T\u00eb gjitha industrit\u00eb dikur ishin \u2018sht\u00ebpiake,\u2019 dometh\u00ebn\u00eb kryheshin n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi dhe n\u00eb interes t\u00eb familjes. T\u00eb gjitha industrit\u00eb q\u00eb nga ajo periudh\u00eb e larg\u00ebt jan\u00eb ngritur n\u00eb nivele m\u00eb t\u00eb larta, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 nj\u00eb ose dy prej tyre, t\u00eb cilat nuk e kan\u00eb dal\u00eb kurr\u00eb nga faza fillestare.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cSht\u00ebpia,\u201d pohon Gilman, \u201cnuk \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtim me institucionet e tjera.\u201d Ekonomia e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb zbulon:\u201c\u2026 ruajtjen e industrive primitive n\u00eb nj\u00eb komunitet modern industrial dhe kufizimin e grave n\u00eb k\u00ebto industri dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuar shprehjeje.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gilman thekson se puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb c\u00ebnon humanitetin e grave: \u201cAjo \u00ebsht\u00eb fem\u00ebrore, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa q\u00eb duhet, ashtu si burri \u00ebsht\u00eb mashkullor, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa q\u00eb duhet; por ajo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb njer\u00ebzore aq sa ai \u00ebsht\u00eb njer\u00ebzor. Jeta n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi nuk nxjerr n\u00eb pah humanitetin ton\u00eb, sepse t\u00eb gjitha linjat dalluese t\u00eb progresit njer\u00ebzor gjenden jasht\u00eb saj.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ebrtet\u00ebsia e pohimit t\u00eb Gilman-it mb\u00ebshtetet nga p\u00ebrvoja historike e grave zezake n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara. Gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb k\u00ebtij vendi, shumica e zezakeve kan\u00eb punuar jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb tyre. Gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb skllav\u00ebris\u00eb, grat\u00eb punonin krah p\u00ebr krah me burrat e tyre n\u00eb fushat e pambukut dhe duhanit. Kur industria filloi t\u00eb zhvillohej n\u00eb jug, ato u pun\u00ebsuan n\u00eb fabrika duhani, rafineri sheqeri, madje edhe n\u00eb mulli druri, dhe grupe pun\u00ebtor\u00ebsh q\u00eb rrihnin \u00e7elikun p\u00ebr hekurudha. N\u00eb pun\u00eb, grat\u00eb skllave ishin t\u00eb barabarta me burrat e tyre. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj barazie t\u00eb lodhshme gjinore n\u00eb pun\u00eb, ato g\u00ebzonin nj\u00eb barazi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe gjinore edhe n\u00eb kushte sht\u00ebpiake, n\u00eb banesat e skllev\u00ebrve, krahasuar me motrat e tyre t\u00eb bardha, t\u00eb cilat ishin \u201camvise.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Si pasoj\u00eb e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb \u2013 si gra \u201ct\u00eb lira\u201d po aq sa si skllave \u2013 puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb nuk ka qen\u00eb kurr\u00eb fokusi kryesor i jet\u00ebs s\u00eb grave zezake. Ato i kan\u00eb shp\u00ebtuar n\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe d\u00ebmeve psikologjike q\u00eb kapitalizmi industrial i shkaktoi amviseve t\u00eb bardha t\u00eb klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme, virtytet e supozuara t\u00eb t\u00eb cilave ishin dob\u00ebsia fem\u00ebrore dhe n\u00ebnshtrimi bashk\u00ebshortor. Grat\u00eb zezake se mund t\u00eb synonin dob\u00ebsin\u00eb; ato duhej t\u00eb b\u00ebheshin t\u00eb forta, sepse familjet dhe komunitetet e tyre kishin nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr forc\u00ebn e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbijetuar. D\u00ebshmia e forcave t\u00eb grumbulluara q\u00eb zezaket kan\u00eb formuar me pun\u00eb, pun\u00eb dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb pun\u00eb, mund t\u00eb shihet n\u00eb kontributet e shum\u00eb lidereve t\u00eb shquara gra q\u00eb kan\u00eb dal\u00eb nga komuniteti i tyre. Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Ida Wells dhe Rosa Parks nuk jan\u00eb gra zezake t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, aq sa jan\u00eb epitome t\u00eb feminitetit t\u00eb zezakeve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zezaket, megjithat\u00eb, kan\u00eb paguar nj\u00eb \u00e7mim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb p\u00ebr fuqin\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb fituar dhe p\u00ebr pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb relative q\u00eb kan\u00eb shijuar. Edhe pse rrall\u00ebher\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb \u201cthjesht amvise,\u201d ato gjithmon\u00eb kan\u00eb kryer pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, ato kan\u00eb mbajtur barr\u00ebn e dyfisht\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebs me pag\u00eb dhe pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb \u2013 nj\u00eb barr\u00eb q\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb grat\u00eb pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb zot\u00ebrojn\u00eb fuqin\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebngul\u00ebse t\u00eb Sizifit. Si\u00e7 thekson W. E. B. DuBois n\u00eb vitin 1920:\u201c… disa gra lindin t\u00eb lira, dhe disa arrijn\u00eb lirin\u00eb mes fyerjeve dhe stigmave; por grave tona zezake iu imponua liria p\u00ebr\u00e7muese. Me at\u00eb liri, ato po blejn\u00eb nj\u00eb pavar\u00ebsi t\u00eb pakufizuar dhe, sado i shtrenjt\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb \u00e7mimi q\u00eb po paguajn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit do t\u00eb vlej\u00eb \u00e7do tallje dhe psher\u00ebtim\u00eb.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ashtu si burrat e tyre, grat\u00eb zezake kan\u00eb punuar derisa nuk kan\u00eb pasur m\u00eb fuqi. Ashtu si burrat e tyre, ato kan\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit\u00eb e sigurimit t\u00eb jetes\u00ebs p\u00ebr familjen. Cil\u00ebsit\u00eb fem\u00ebrore joortodokse si vendosm\u00ebria dhe vet\u00ebbesimi \u2013 p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat zezaket shpesh jan\u00eb lavd\u00ebruar, por edhe m\u00eb shpesh qortuar \u2013 pasqyrojn\u00eb pun\u00ebn dhe betejat e tyre jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Por, ashtu si motrat e tyre t\u00eb bardha t\u00eb quajtura \u201camvise,\u201d ato kan\u00eb gatuar dhe pastruar, jan\u00eb kujdesur dhe kan\u00eb rritur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pafund f\u00ebmij\u00ebsh. Ndryshe nga amviset e bardha, t\u00eb cilat m\u00ebsuan t\u00eb mb\u00ebshteteshin te burrat e tyre p\u00ebr siguri ekonomike, grat\u00eb dhe n\u00ebnat zezake, q\u00eb zakonisht ishin edhe pun\u00ebtore, rrall\u00ebher\u00eb kan\u00eb pasur koh\u00eb dhe energji p\u00ebr t\u2019u b\u00ebr\u00eb eksperte n\u00eb pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Ashtu si motrat e tyre t\u00eb bardha t\u00eb klas\u00ebs pun\u00ebtore, t\u00eb cilat gjithashtu bartin barr\u00ebn e dyfisht\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebs p\u00ebr mbijetes\u00eb dhe sh\u00ebrbimit ndaj burrave dhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebve, grat\u00eb zezake kan\u00eb pasur nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr leht\u00ebsim nga kjo shtypje p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mungesa, n\u00eb mos mungesa e plot\u00eb, e diskutimit publik mbi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e transformimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi sociale, d\u00ebshmon fuqin\u00eb verb\u00ebruese t\u00eb ideologjis\u00eb borgjeze. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se roli sht\u00ebpiak i grave nuk ka marr\u00eb fare v\u00ebmendje, p\u00ebrkundrazi, l\u00ebvizja bashk\u00ebkohore e grave e ka pasqyruar pun\u00ebn e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs thelb\u00ebsor t\u00eb shtypjes s\u00eb grave. Madje, ekziston edhe nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje n\u00eb disa vende kapitaliste, shqet\u00ebsimi kryesor i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb gjendja e amvises. Duke arritur n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb posht\u00ebruese dhe shtyp\u00ebse kryesisht sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pun\u00eb e papaguar, kjo l\u00ebvizje ka ngritur k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn p\u00ebr pag\u00eb. Nj\u00eb pages\u00eb javore nga qeveria, argumentojn\u00eb aktivist\u00ebt, \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar statusin e amvises dhe pozicionin shoq\u00ebror t\u00eb grave n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00ebvizja Paga p\u00ebr Pun\u00ebt e Sht\u00ebpis\u00eb e ka origjin\u00ebn n\u00eb Itali, ku n\u00eb mars t\u00eb vitit 1974 u mbajt demonstrata e saj e par\u00eb publike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Duke iu drejtuar turm\u00ebs s\u00eb mbledhur n\u00eb qytetin Mestre, nj\u00eb nga fol\u00ebset tha: \u201cGjysma e popullsis\u00eb s\u00eb bot\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb e papaguar \u2013 ky \u00ebsht\u00eb kontrasti m\u00eb i madh klasor! Dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb lufta jon\u00eb p\u00ebr paga p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa strategjike; n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment, \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa m\u00eb revolucionare p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb klas\u00ebn pun\u00ebtore. N\u00ebse ne fitojm\u00eb, fiton klasa; n\u00ebse ne humbasim, humbet klasa.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sipas strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb k\u00ebsaj l\u00ebvizjeje, pagat jan\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsi i emancipimit t\u00eb amviseve, dhe vet\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr paga p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson fokusin qendror t\u00eb fushat\u00ebs p\u00ebr \u00e7lirimin e grave n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, lufta e amviseve p\u00ebr paga projektohet si \u00e7\u00ebshtja kryesore e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb klas\u00ebs pun\u00ebtore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Origjina teorike e L\u00ebvizjes Paga p\u00ebr Pun\u00ebt e Sht\u00ebpis\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjendet n\u00eb nj\u00eb ese t\u00eb Mariarosa Dalla Costa me titullin \u201cGrat\u00eb dhe N\u00ebnshtrimi i Komunitetit\u201d. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb shkrim, Dalla Costa argumenton p\u00ebr riformulimin e konceptit t\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, duke u bazuar n\u00eb tez\u00ebn e saj se karakteri privat i sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb fakt iluzion. Ajo k\u00ebmb\u00ebngul se amvisja duket sikur u sh\u00ebrben vet\u00ebm nevojave private t\u00eb burrit dhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb saj, por p\u00ebrfituesit e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb saj jan\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsi aktual i burrit t\u00eb saj dhe pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb saj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201c(Gruaja) \u00ebsht\u00eb izoluar n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, e detyruar t\u00eb kryej\u00eb pun\u00eb q\u00eb konsiderohet e pakualifikuar: puna e lindjes, rritjes, disiplinimit dhe sh\u00ebrbimit p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtorin q\u00eb merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb prodhim. Roli i saj n\u00eb ciklin e prodhimit ka mbetur i paduksh\u00ebm, sepse vet\u00ebm produkti i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb saj, pun\u00ebtori, ishte i duksh\u00ebm.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00ebrkesa q\u00eb amviset t\u00eb paguhen, bazohet n\u00eb supozimin se ato prodhojn\u00eb nj\u00eb mall po aq t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb vlefsh\u00ebm, sa mallrat q\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb burrat e tyre n\u00eb pun\u00eb. Duke ndjekur logjik\u00ebn e Dalla Costa-s, L\u00ebvizja Paga p\u00ebr Pun\u00ebt e Sht\u00ebpis\u00eb i p\u00ebrcakton amviset si krijuese t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore, e cila shitet nga an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e familjes s\u00eb tyre si mall n\u00eb tregun kapitalist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dalla Costa nuk ishte teoricienia e par\u00eb q\u00eb propozoi nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb shtypjes s\u00eb grave. Si Mary Inman n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e saj \u201cN\u00eb Mbrojtje t\u00eb Grave\u201d (1940) ashtu edhe Margaret Benston n\u00eb artikullin \u201cEkonomia Politike e \u00c7lirimit t\u00eb Grave\u201d (19G9), e definojn\u00eb pun\u00ebn e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb i vendos grat\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb klas\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb pun\u00ebtoresh t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzuara nga kapitalizmi, t\u00eb quajtura \u201camvise.\u201d Nuk mund t\u00eb mohohet se rolet e grave n\u00eb riprodhim, rritjen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve dhe mir\u00ebmbajtjen e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb e b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb mundur q\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e familjes s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb punojn\u00eb \u2013 t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb fuqin\u00eb e tyre pun\u00ebtore p\u00ebr paga. Por, a n\u00ebnkupton automatikisht se grat\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, pavar\u00ebsisht nga klasa dhe raca e tyre, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb themelore nga funksionet e tyre brenda sht\u00ebpis\u00eb? A n\u00ebnkupton automatikisht se amvisja \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nj\u00eb pun\u00ebtore e fsheht\u00eb brenda procesit t\u00eb prodhimit kapitalist?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00ebse Revolucioni Industrial rezultoi n\u00eb ndarjen strukturore t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb s\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb nga ekonomia publike, at\u00ebher\u00eb puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet si nj\u00eb komponent i pandash\u00ebm i prodhimit kapitalist. P\u00ebrkundrazi, ajo lidhet me prodhimin si nj\u00eb parakusht. Pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak i preokupuar p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si fuqia pun\u00ebtore prodhohet dhe mb\u00ebshtetet; atij i intereson vet\u00ebm disponueshm\u00ebria e saj dhe aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjeneruar fitim. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, procesi kapitalist i prodhimit presupozon ekzistenc\u00ebn e nj\u00eb fuqie pun\u00ebtor\u00ebsh t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzuesh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cRip\u00ebrt\u00ebritja e fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore (pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve) nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e procesit t\u00eb prodhimit shoq\u00ebror, por parakusht i tij. Ai ndodh jasht\u00eb procesit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. Funksioni i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtja e ekzistenc\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00ebllimi p\u00ebrfundimtar i prodhimit n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb e Afrik\u00ebs s\u00eb Jugut, ku racizmi ka \u00e7uar shfryt\u00ebzimin ekonomik n\u00eb kufijt\u00eb e tij m\u00eb brutal, ekonomia kapitaliste e shfaq ndarjen e saj strukturore nga jeta sht\u00ebpiake n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb karakteristike, t\u00eb dhunshme. Arkitekt\u00ebt shoq\u00ebror\u00eb t\u00eb aparteidit kan\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar thjesht\u00eb, se puna e zezak\u00ebve sjell fitime m\u00eb t\u00eb larta, kur jeta sht\u00ebpiake pothuajse braktiset t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht. Burrat zezak\u00eb shihen si nj\u00ebsi pune, potenciali prodhues i t\u00eb cil\u00ebve, i b\u00ebn ata t\u00eb vlefsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr klas\u00ebn kapitaliste. Por grat\u00eb dhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre \u201d… jan\u00eb shtojca t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta \u2013 jo- produktive, grat\u00eb q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb asgj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se plot\u00ebsuese t\u00eb aft\u00ebsis\u00eb riprodhuese t\u00eb nj\u00ebsis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb burrave zezak\u00eb.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ky p\u00ebrshkrim i grave afrikane si \u201cshtojca t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta\u201d nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak metafor\u00eb. N\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me ligjin e Afrik\u00ebs s\u00eb Jugut, grat\u00eb zezake t\u00eb papun\u00ebsuara jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndaluara t\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb zonat e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb bardh\u00eb (87 p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb vendit!), madje, n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve, edhe n\u00eb qytetet ku burrat e tyre jetojn\u00eb dhe punojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jeta sht\u00ebpiake e zezak\u00ebve n\u00eb qendrat industriale t\u00eb Afrik\u00ebs s\u00eb Jugut shihet nga mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit e aparteidit si e panevojshme dhe jofitimprur\u00ebse. Por gjithashtu shihet edhe si k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cZyrtar\u00ebt qeveritar\u00eb e njohin rolin e grave n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpie dhe kan\u00eb frik\u00eb se prania e tyre n\u00eb qytete, do t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb popullsie t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme zezake.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Konsolidimi i familjeve afrikane n\u00eb qytetet e industrializuara perceptohet si k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim, sepse jeta sht\u00ebpiake mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs ndaj aparteidit. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb padyshim arsyeja pse nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh grash, q\u00eb kan\u00eb leje banimi p\u00ebr zonat e bardha, d\u00ebrgohen p\u00ebr t\u00eb jetuar n\u00eb konvikte t\u00eb ndara sipas gjinis\u00eb. Si grat\u00eb e martuara, ashtu edhe ato beqare, p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb duke jetuar n\u00eb k\u00ebto nd\u00ebrtesa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb k\u00ebto konvikte, jeta familjare \u00ebsht\u00eb rrept\u00ebsisht e ndaluar \u2013 burrat dhe grat\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb vizitojn\u00eb nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, dhe as n\u00ebna e as babai nuk mund t\u00eb vizitohen nga f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ky sulm i ashp\u00ebr ndaj grave zezake n\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn e Jugut ve\u00e7se ka filluar t\u00eb shfaq\u00eb pasoja, pasi vet\u00ebm 28.2% e tyre aktualisht zgjedhin q\u00eb t\u00eb martohen. P\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb leverdis\u00eb ekonomike dhe siguris\u00eb politike, aparteidi po g\u00ebrryen \u2013 me synimin e duksh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar \u2013 vet\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e jet\u00ebs n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb zezak\u00ebve. Kapitalizmi n\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn e Jugut demonstron hapur shkall\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ekonomia kapitaliste varet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb absolute nga pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shkat\u00ebrrimi i q\u00ebllimsh\u00ebm i jet\u00ebs familjare n\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn e Jugut nuk mund t\u00eb ishte nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb nga qeveria, n\u00ebse v\u00ebrtet sh\u00ebrbimet e kryera nga grat\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi do t\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs thelb\u00ebsor i pun\u00ebs me pag\u00eb n\u00eb kapitaliz\u00ebm. Fakti q\u00eb jeta sht\u00ebpiake mund t\u00eb eliminohet nga versioni i kapitalizmit n\u00eb Afrik\u00ebn e Jugut, \u00ebsht\u00eb pasoj\u00eb e ndarjes mes ekonomis\u00eb private t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, dhe procesit publik t\u00eb prodhimit, q\u00eb karakterizon shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb kapitaliste n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. Duksh\u00ebm, \u00ebsht\u00eb e kot\u00eb t\u00eb argumentohet se, bazuar n\u00eb logjik\u00ebn e brendshme t\u00eb kapitalizmit, grat\u00eb duhet t\u00eb paguhen p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00ebse supozojm\u00eb se teoria q\u00eb q\u00ebndron n\u00eb themel t\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs p\u00ebr paga \u00ebsht\u00eb thell\u00ebsisht e gabuar, a mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb megjithat\u00eb politikisht e d\u00ebshirueshme t\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulet, q\u00eb amviset t\u00eb paguhen? A nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb imperativ moral p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e grave p\u00ebr t\u2019u paguar p\u00ebr or\u00ebt q\u00eb i kushtojn\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb? Ideja e nj\u00eb page p\u00ebr amviset ndoshta do t\u00eb ting\u00ebllonte t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse p\u00ebr shum\u00eb gra. Por kjo t\u00ebrheqje ka gjasa t\u00eb jet\u00eb jet\u00ebshkurt\u00ebr. Sa prej atyre grave do t\u00eb ishin realisht t\u00eb gatshme t\u00eb pajtoheshin me detyrat e lodhshme e t\u00eb pafundme t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb nj\u00eb page? A do ta ndryshonte nj\u00eb pag\u00eb faktin q\u00eb, si\u00e7 ka th\u00ebn\u00eb Lenini,\u201d… pun\u00ebt e vogla t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb e shtypin, e mbysin, e mpijn\u00eb dhe e posht\u00ebrojn\u00eb (gruan), e lidhin at\u00eb pas kuzhin\u00ebs dhe dhom\u00ebs s\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve dhe e shp\u00ebrdorojn\u00eb pun\u00ebn e saj n\u00eb nj\u00eb lodhje barbarisht joproduktive, t\u00eb par\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, rraskapit\u00ebse, mpir\u00ebse dhe shtyp\u00ebse.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do t\u00eb dukej sikur pagat e qeveris\u00eb p\u00ebr amviset do t\u00eb legjitimonin m\u00eb tej k\u00ebt\u00eb skllav\u00ebri sht\u00ebpiake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A nuk p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb kritik\u00eb t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptueshme ndaj L\u00ebvizjes Paga p\u00ebr Pun\u00ebt e Sht\u00ebpis\u00eb fakti q\u00eb grat\u00eb q\u00eb marrin ndihm\u00eb sociale rrall\u00ebher\u00eb kan\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar kompensim p\u00ebr mir\u00ebmbajtjen e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb? Jo \u201cpaga p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb,\u201d por m\u00eb tep\u00ebr \u201ct\u00eb ardhura vjetore t\u00eb garantuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb slogani q\u00eb artikulon alternativ\u00ebn e menj\u00ebhershme q\u00eb kan\u00eb propozuar ndaj sistemit \u00e7njer\u00ebzues t\u00eb mir\u00ebqenies. Ajo q\u00eb ato k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb n\u00eb plan afatgjat\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb, jan\u00eb vende pune dhe sisteme publike t\u00eb p\u00ebrballueshme p\u00ebr kujdesin ndaj f\u00ebmij\u00ebve. T\u00eb ardhurat vjetore t\u00eb garantuara sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb, pra, si nj\u00eb sigurim papun\u00ebsie, deri n\u00eb krijimin e m\u00eb shum\u00eb vendeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs me paga adekuate, krahas sistemeve t\u00eb subvencionuara t\u00eb kujdesit p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u00ebrvojat e nj\u00eb grupi tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb grave shfaqin natyr\u00ebn problematike t\u00eb strategjis\u00eb \u201cpaga p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.\u201d Pastrueset, pun\u00ebtoret n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtoret – jan\u00eb grat\u00eb q\u00eb e din\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb se kushdo, \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb marr\u00ebsh pag\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Situata e tyre tragjike \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb brilante n\u00eb filmin e Ousman Sembene me titull La Noire de… Personazhi kryesor \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grua e re senegaleze e cila, duke k\u00ebrkuar pun\u00eb, b\u00ebhet dado p\u00ebr nj\u00eb familje franceze q\u00eb jeton n\u00eb Dakar. Kur familja kthehet n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, ajo i bashkohet me plot entuziaz\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb, sapo arrin n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, kupton se p\u00ebrve\u00e7se p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, tash ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse edhe p\u00ebr gatimin, pastrimin, larjen dhe t\u00eb gjitha pun\u00ebt e tjera t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Nuk kalon shum\u00eb koh\u00eb, dhe entuziazmi me t\u00eb cilin e nisi, shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb depresion – n\u00eb depresion aq t\u00eb thell\u00eb, saq\u00eb ajo refuzon pag\u00ebn q\u00eb i ofrojn\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit e saj. Paga nuk mund t\u00eb kompensoj\u00eb situat\u00ebn skllav\u00ebruese n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn gjendet. Duke mos pasur mjete p\u00ebr t\u2019u kthyer n\u00eb Senegal, ajo ndihet aq e mposhtur nga d\u00ebshp\u00ebrimi, sa zgjedh vet\u00ebvrasjen, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrballet me nj\u00eb fat t\u00eb pacaktuar t\u00eb gatimit, fshirjes, pluhurosjes dhe pastrimit…<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara, grat\u00eb me ngjyr\u00eb – ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht grat\u00eb zezake – kan\u00eb marr\u00eb paga p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb p\u00ebr dekada t\u00eb t\u00ebra. N\u00eb vitin 1910, kur m\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjysma e t\u00eb gjitha grave zezake punonin jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb tyre, nj\u00eb e treta e tyre ishin t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuara si pun\u00ebtore me pages\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi. Deri n\u00eb vitin 1920, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjysma ishin sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtore, dhe n\u00eb vitin 1930, kjo p\u00ebrqindje ishte rritur n\u00eb tre nga pes\u00eb gra. Nj\u00eb nga pasojat e ndryshimeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb pun\u00ebsimin e grave gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, ishte nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie e mir\u00ebpritur n\u00eb numrin e pun\u00ebtoreve sht\u00ebpiake zezake. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 19G0, nj\u00eb e treta e t\u00eb gjitha grave zezake, q\u00eb kishin pun\u00eb, ishin ende t\u00eb kufizuara n\u00eb profesionet e tyre tradicionale. Vet\u00ebm kur pun\u00ebt administrative u b\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb qasshme p\u00ebr grat\u00eb zezake, p\u00ebrqindja e pun\u00ebtoreve n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi filloi t\u00eb bjer\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme. Sot, kjo shif\u00ebr sillet rreth 13%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Detyrimet rraskapit\u00ebse t\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb p\u00ebr grat\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, jan\u00eb d\u00ebshmi flagrante t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb seksizmit. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrjes shtes\u00eb t\u00eb racizmit, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh i grave zezake jan\u00eb detyruar jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb kujdesen p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb s\u00eb tyre, por edhe p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb grave t\u00eb tjera. Shpesh, k\u00ebrkesat e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e nj\u00eb gruaje t\u00eb bardh\u00eb i kan\u00eb detyruar pun\u00ebtoret t\u00eb neglizhojn\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e madje edhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre. Si pastruese me pages\u00eb, ato jan\u00eb thirrur t\u00eb jen\u00eb bashk\u00ebshorte dhe n\u00ebna z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuese n\u00eb miliona sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb bardha. Gjat\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb viteve t\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjeve p\u00ebr organizim, pun\u00ebtoret e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb kan\u00eb tentuar t\u00eb rip\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tyre, duke refuzuar rolin e amvises surrogate. Detyrat e amvises jan\u00eb t\u00eb pafundme e t\u00eb pap\u00ebrcaktuara. Pun\u00ebtoret e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb kan\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar, n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, p\u00ebrcaktim t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb detyrave q\u00eb pritet t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb. Vet\u00eb emri i nj\u00eb prej sindikatave kryesore t\u00eb pun\u00ebtoreve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb sot \u2013 Household Technicians of America \u2013 thekson refuzimin e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb funksionuar si amvise surrogate, puna e t\u00eb cilave p\u00ebrshkruhet thjesht si \u201cpun\u00eb sht\u00ebpie.\u201d P\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb pun\u00ebtoret e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb hijen e amvises, ato do t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb marrin paga q\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr \u201cshpenzimit t\u00eb lejuar mujor\u201d t\u00eb nj\u00eb amviseje, sesa nj\u00eb page t\u00eb mir\u00ebfillt\u00eb pun\u00ebtori. Sipas Komitetit Komb\u00ebtar p\u00ebr Pun\u00ebsimin n\u00eb Familje, n\u00eb vitin 197G nj\u00eb pun\u00ebtore sht\u00ebpie me koh\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb fitonte mesatarisht 2,732$, nd\u00ebrsa dy t\u00eb tretat e tyre fitonin m\u00eb pak se 2,000$. Megjith\u00ebse disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb pun\u00ebtoret e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb mbrojtjen e ligjit p\u00ebr pag\u00ebn minimale, n\u00eb vitin 197G nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje trondit\u00ebse prej 40% ende merrte paga jasht\u00ebzakonisht n\u00ebn standard. L\u00ebvizja Paga p\u00ebr Pun\u00ebt e Sht\u00ebpis\u00eb supozon se, n\u00ebse grat\u00eb do t\u00eb paguheshin p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb amvise, ato do t\u00eb g\u00ebzonin status m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb shoq\u00ebror. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb histori krejt\u00ebsisht ndryshe na tregojn\u00eb sfidat e vazhdueshme t\u00eb pun\u00ebtoreve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb me pag\u00eb, kushtet e t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mjerueshme se ato t\u00eb \u00e7far\u00ebdo grupi tjet\u00ebr pun\u00ebtor\u00ebsh n\u00ebn kapitaliz\u00ebm. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 50% e grave n\u00eb ShBA sot punojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar jetes\u00ebn dhe ato p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb 41% t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb vendit. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh i grave aktualisht nuk mund t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb vende pun\u00eb t\u00eb denja. Ashtu si racizmi, edhe seksizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga justifikimet kryesore p\u00ebr shkall\u00ebt e larta t\u00eb papun\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb grave. Shum\u00eb gra jan\u00eb \u201cthjesht amvise\u201d sepse realisht jan\u00eb pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb papuna. A nuk mundet, pra, q\u00eb roli i \u201cthjesht amvises\u201d t\u00eb sfidohet m\u00eb efektivisht, duke k\u00ebrkuar vende pune p\u00ebr grat\u00eb n\u00eb nivel t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me burrat, dhe duke k\u00ebrkuar sh\u00ebrbime sociale (p.sh. kujdes p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt) dhe p\u00ebrfitime tjera (si pushimin e lehonis\u00eb), t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb lejojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb gra t\u00eb punojn\u00eb jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00ebvizja Paga p\u00ebr Pun\u00ebt e Sht\u00ebpis\u00eb i dekurajon grat\u00eb nga k\u00ebrkimi i pun\u00ebs jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, duke argumentuar se \u201cskllav\u00ebria n\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb prodhimi, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7lirim nga skllav\u00ebria n\u00eb lavamanin e kuzhin\u00ebs\u201d. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebset e fushat\u00ebs k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulin se nuk mbrojn\u00eb burgosjen e vazhdueshme t\u00eb grave brenda mjedisit t\u00eb izoluar t\u00eb sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb tyre. Ato deklarojn\u00eb se, ndon\u00ebse refuzojn\u00eb t\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb tregun kapitalist si t\u00eb till\u00eb, nuk d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrhershme p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. Si\u00e7 shprehet nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuese amerikane e k\u00ebsaj l\u00ebvizjeje:\u201c… nuk jemi t\u00eb interesuara ta b\u00ebjm\u00eb pun\u00ebn ton\u00eb m\u00eb efikase apo m\u00eb produktive p\u00ebr kapitalin. Jemi t\u00eb interesuara ta reduktojm\u00eb pun\u00ebn ton\u00eb dhe, n\u00eb fund, ta refuzojm\u00eb at\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht. Por, p\u00ebr aq koh\u00eb sa punojm\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi pa pag\u00eb, askush nuk shqet\u00ebsohet se sa gjat\u00eb apo sa shum\u00eb punojm\u00eb. Kapitali p\u00ebrdor teknologji t\u00eb avancuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb ulur kostot e prodhimit, vet\u00ebm pas rritjes s\u00eb pagave nga klasa pun\u00ebtore. Vet\u00ebm n\u00ebse e b\u00ebjm\u00eb pun\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb kushtueshme (do t\u00eb thot\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00ebse e b\u00ebjm\u00eb t\u00eb pafavorshme ekonomikisht), kapitali do t\u00eb \u201czbuloj\u00eb\u201d teknologjin\u00eb p\u00ebr ta reduktuar at\u00eb. Aktualisht, shpesh na duhet t\u00eb punojm\u00eb nj\u00eb turn t\u00eb dyt\u00eb pune, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrballojm\u00eb en\u00eblar\u00ebsen q\u00eb supozohet t\u00eb shkurtoj\u00eb pun\u00ebt tona t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pasi grat\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb fituar t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u2019u paguar p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e tyre, ato mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb paga m\u00eb t\u00eb larta, duke i detyruar kapitalist\u00ebt t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrin industrializimin e pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. A \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo strategji konkrete p\u00ebr \u00e7lirimin e grave apo nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr e parealizueshme?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Si supozohet q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb nisin luft\u00ebn p\u00ebr paga? Dalla Costa propozon q\u00eb amviset t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb grev\u00eb: \u201cNe duhet t\u00eb refuzojm\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb, sepse duam t\u00eb bashkohemi me grat\u00eb e tjera, p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar kund\u00ebr \u00e7do varianti q\u00eb supozon se grat\u00eb do t\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi… Braktisja e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb e luft\u00ebs, meq\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet shoq\u00ebrore q\u00eb kryejm\u00eb atje, nuk do t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb realizohen m\u00eb n\u00eb ato kushte.\u201d Por, ku do t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb grat\u00eb n\u00ebse l\u00ebn\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb,? Si do t\u00eb bashkohen me grat\u00eb e tjera? A do t\u00eb jet\u00eb d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u2019u revoltuar kund\u00ebr pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb e vetmja arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ato do t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb? A s\u2019do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb realiste, q\u00eb t\u2019u b\u00ebjm\u00eb thirrje grave q\u00eb t\u00eb \u201cbraktisin sht\u00ebpit\u00eb\u201d n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb vendeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs jasht\u00eb, ose t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn, q\u00eb t\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb fushat\u00eb masive p\u00ebr vende t\u00eb dinjitetshme t\u00eb pun\u00ebs? Sigurisht, puna n\u00eb kushtet kapitaliste \u00ebsht\u00eb pun\u00eb brutale. Sigurisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb jokreative dhe tjet\u00ebrsuese. Megjithat\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht nga k\u00ebto, mbetet fakt q\u00eb n\u00eb vendin e pun\u00ebs, grat\u00eb mund t\u00eb bashkohen me motrat \u2013 dhe v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit \u2013 e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb sfiduar kapitalist\u00ebt, pik\u00ebrisht aty ku ndodh prodhimi. Si pun\u00ebtore, si aktiviste militante n\u00eb l\u00ebvizjen sindikaliste, grat\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjenerojn\u00eb fuqin\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar shtyll\u00ebn mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebse dhe p\u00ebrfituesin kryesor t\u00eb seksizmit, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb sistemi monopolist kapitalist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Strategjia e pagave p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb b\u00ebn pak p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar nj\u00eb zgjidhje afatgjate p\u00ebr shtypjen e grave, dhe nuk trajton n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ndjeshme pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb e thell\u00eb t\u00eb amviseve bashk\u00ebkohore. Studimet e fundit sociologjike kan\u00eb zbuluar se sot amviset jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb frustrura se kurr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb me jet\u00ebt e tyre. Kur Ann Oakley realizoi intervistat p\u00ebr librin e saj \u201cThe Sociology of Housework\u201d, ajo zbuloi se, edhe amviset q\u00eb fillimisht dukeshin t\u00eb pashqet\u00ebsuara nga pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, n\u00eb fund shprehnin nj\u00eb pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi t\u00eb thell\u00eb. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb fjal\u00ebt e nj\u00eb gruaje q\u00eb punonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb fabrik\u00eb: \u201c(A ju p\u00eblqejn\u00eb pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb?) Nuk m\u00eb shqet\u00ebson…Besoj se mua nuk m\u00eb shqet\u00ebson puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, sepse nuk e b\u00ebj gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb dit\u00ebs. Un\u00eb shkoj n\u00eb pun\u00eb dhe merrem me pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00ebn e dit\u00ebs. Po ta b\u00ebja gjith\u00eb dit\u00ebn, nuk do ta p\u00eblqeja \u2013 puna e grave nuk mbaron kurr\u00eb, ato jan\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje \u2013 edhe para se t\u00eb shtrihesh p\u00ebr t\u00eb fjetur, ke ende di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb \u2013 shkundja e shpuzoreve, larja e disa filxhan\u00ebve. Je ende duke punuar. \u00cbsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb \u00e7do dit\u00eb; nuk mund t\u00eb thuash q\u00eb nuk do ta b\u00ebsh, sepse duhet ta b\u00ebsh \u2013 si p\u00ebrgatitja e nj\u00eb shujte: duhet ta b\u00ebsh, sepse n\u00ebse nuk e b\u00ebn, f\u00ebmij\u00ebt nuk do t\u00eb han\u00eb… Mendoj se thjesht m\u00ebsohesh, i b\u00ebn automatikisht… Un\u00eb jam m\u00eb e lumtur n\u00eb pun\u00eb sesa n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201c(Cilat mendoni se jan\u00eb an\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebqija t\u00eb t\u00eb qenit amvise?) Mendoj se ka dit\u00eb kur ndihesh sikur zgjohesh dhe duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebsh t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat gj\u00ebra t\u00eb zakonshme \u2013 m\u00ebrzitesh nga monotonia, ke ngecur n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn rutin\u00eb. Mendoj se n\u00ebse pyet ndonj\u00eb amvise, n\u00ebse jan\u00eb t\u00eb sinqerta, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjen e do t\u00eb thon\u00eb, se gjysm\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs ndihen si skllave – t\u00eb gjitha e mendojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kur ngrihen n\u00eb m\u00ebngjes: \u2018Oh jo, edhe sot do t\u00eb b\u00ebj t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat gj\u00ebra, deri sa t\u00eb flej\u00eb.\u2019 \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritja e t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtave gj\u00ebra \u2013 monotonia.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A do ta pak\u00ebsonin pagat k\u00ebt\u00eb monotoni? Kjo grua me siguri do t\u00eb thoshte jo. Nj\u00eb amvise me koh\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb i tregoi Oakley-t p\u00ebr natyr\u00ebn detyruese t\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb: \u201cGj\u00ebja m\u00eb e keqe \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb duhet ta b\u00ebsh pun\u00ebn sepse je n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi. Edhe pse kam mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb mos e b\u00ebj, nuk mendoj se do t\u00eb mundesha v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb mos e b\u00ebja, sepse ndjehem sikur duhet ta b\u00ebj.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Me shum\u00eb gjas\u00eb, paga p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb pun\u00eb do ta p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsonte obsesionin e k\u00ebsaj gruaje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oakley arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se puna e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht kur \u00ebsht\u00eb me koh\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb, pushton aq thell\u00eb personalitetin e grave, sa q\u00eb amvisja b\u00ebhet e pandashme nga puna e saj. \u201cAmvisja, n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, \u00ebsht\u00eb puna e saj: p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye dallimi i elementeve subjektive dhe objektive, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb b\u00ebhet shum\u00eb m\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb.\u201d Pasoja psikologjike shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb personalitet tragjikisht i shtypur, i p\u00ebrndjekur nga ndjenja e inferioritetit. \u00c7lirimi psikologjik v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se mund t\u00eb arrihet thjesht me nj\u00eb pag\u00eb p\u00ebr amvisen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Studime t\u00eb tjera sociologjike kan\u00eb konfirmuar zhg\u00ebnjimin e thell\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb amviset bashk\u00ebkohore. Kur Myra Ferree intervistoi mbi 100 gra t\u00eb nj\u00eb komuniteti pun\u00ebtor\u00ebsh pran\u00eb Bostonit, \u201cpothuajse dyfish m\u00eb shum\u00eb amvise sesa gra t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuara shpreh\u00ebn pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi me jet\u00ebn e tyre.\u201d Pa dyshim, shumica e grave q\u00eb punonin nuk kishin pun\u00eb q\u00eb i vetp\u00ebrmbushnin: ato ishin kamariere, pun\u00ebtore fabrikash, daktilografe, shit\u00ebse n\u00eb supermarkete dhe dyqane, etj. Megjithat\u00eb, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga izolimi i sht\u00ebpive t\u00eb tyre, p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u201cdal\u00eb jasht\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb njer\u00ebz t\u00eb tjer\u00eb,\u201d p\u00ebr to ishte po aq e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme sa t\u00eb ardhurat q\u00eb fitonin. A do t\u00eb mir\u00ebprisnin amviset, t\u00eb cilat ndiheshin sikur \u201cpo \u00e7mendeshin duke q\u00ebndruar n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi,\u201d iden\u00eb e marrjes s\u00eb pag\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00e7mendur veten? Nj\u00eb grua ankohej se \u201cq\u00ebndrimi n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb dit\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb si t\u00eb jesh n\u00eb burg\u201d \u2013 a do t\u2019i rr\u00ebzonin muret e k\u00ebtij burgu pagat? Arratisja e vetme realiste nga ky burg \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebrkimi i nj\u00eb pune jasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Secila prej m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 50% t\u00eb grave n\u00eb ShBA q\u00eb punojn\u00eb, jan\u00eb argument i fuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebr leht\u00ebsimin e barr\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb. N\u00eb fakt, nd\u00ebrmarr\u00ebsit kapitalist\u00eb tashm\u00eb kan\u00eb filluar t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb nevoj\u00ebn historike t\u00eb grave p\u00ebr t\u2019u \u00e7liruar nga rolet e tyre si amvise. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rrjetet e pafundme fitimprur\u00ebse t\u00eb ushqimeve t\u00eb shpejta, si McDonald\u2019s dhe Kentucky Fried Chicken, d\u00ebshmojn\u00eb faktin se m\u00eb shum\u00eb gra n\u00eb pun\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb m\u00eb pak shujta t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitura n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi. Pavar\u00ebsisht shijes dhe munges\u00ebs s\u00eb vlerave ushqyese t\u00eb ushqimit, pavar\u00ebsisht shfryt\u00ebzimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre, opsionet e ushqimeve t\u00eb shpejta v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb pah se pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb po u vjen fund. Na duhen, natyrisht, institucione t\u00eb reja sociale p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb detyrave t\u00eb dikurshme t\u00eb amviseve. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sfida q\u00eb buron nga radh\u00ebt n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb grave t\u00eb klas\u00ebs pun\u00ebtore. K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr kujdes universal dhe t\u00eb subvencionuar p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, \u00ebsht\u00eb pasoj\u00eb e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e rritjes s\u00eb numrit t\u00eb n\u00ebnave q\u00eb punojn\u00eb. P\u00ebrderisa m\u00eb shum\u00eb gra organizohen rreth k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb vende pune mbi baz\u00ebn e barazis\u00eb s\u00eb plot\u00eb me burrat, gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb do t\u00eb shtrohen pyetje serioze p\u00ebr q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e ardhshme t\u00eb pun\u00ebve t\u00eb amviseve. Mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb \u201cskllav\u00ebria n\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb prodhimi\u201d nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht \u201c\u00e7lirim nga lavamani i kuzhin\u00ebs,\u201d por linja e prodhimit \u00ebsht\u00eb padyshim nxit\u00ebsi m\u00eb i fuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebr grat\u00eb, q\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb eliminimin e skllav\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb lasht\u00eb sht\u00ebpiake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shfuqizimi i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb, si p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi private dhe individuale e grave, \u00ebsht\u00eb qart\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim strategjik i \u00e7lirimit t\u00eb grave. Por, socializimi i pun\u00ebve t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb – p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitjen e shujtave dhe kujdesin p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt – presupozon fundin e sundimit t\u00eb motivit t\u00eb profitit mbi ekonomin\u00eb. Hapat e vet\u00ebm t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm drejt fundit t\u00eb skllav\u00ebris\u00eb sht\u00ebpiake, n\u00eb fakt, jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb n\u00eb vendet socialiste ekzistuese. Pra, grat\u00eb pun\u00ebtore kan\u00eb interes t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb e jetik n\u00eb luft\u00ebn p\u00ebr socializ\u00ebm. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00ebn kapitaliz\u00ebm, fushatat p\u00ebr vende pune, me kushte t\u00eb barabarta me burrat, kombinuar me l\u00ebvizje p\u00ebr institucione si kujdesi sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor publik i subvencionuar, mbartin nj\u00eb potencial revolucionar shp\u00ebrthyes. Kjo strategji v\u00eb n\u00eb pik\u00ebpyetje vlefshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e kapitalizmit monopolist dhe, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit, do t\u00eb na drejtoj\u00eb drejt socializmit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n