Gjat\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar, p\u00ebrqindja e grave n\u00eb pun\u00ebsim \u00ebsht\u00eb trefishuar n\u00eb shum\u00eb shtete t\u00eb pasura. Ky ndryshim ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb nga m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmit n\u00eb aspektin shoq\u00ebror dhe ekonomik n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. Megjithat\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrparimeve t\u00eb arritura, dallimet gjinore vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme. Ishte vet\u00ebm viti 1980, kur nj\u00eb studiuese e mori p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb qasje gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar shkaqet e k\u00ebtyre dallimeve. Hulumtimi i Claudia Goldin ka ofruar k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrime t\u00eb reja dhe shpesh t\u00eb papritura mbi rolet historike dhe t\u00eb tanishme t\u00eb grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb nivel global, rreth gjysma e grave jan\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuara me pages\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr burrat kjo shif\u00ebr arrin n\u00eb tet\u00ebdhjet\u00eb p\u00ebrqind. Kur grat\u00eb punojn\u00eb, ato zakonisht fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb pak. Kuptimi i arsyeve dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si ndryshojn\u00eb nivelet e pun\u00ebsimit dhe t\u00eb ardhurave mes grave dhe burrave \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, si p\u00ebr arsyet socio-ekonomike, ashtu edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim m\u00eb t\u00eb efektsh\u00ebm t\u00eb burimeve t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. N\u00ebse grat\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e barabarta p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs, ose ato e b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb pabarabarta, at\u00ebher\u00eb punohet dhe shpenzohet kot nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e ekspertiz\u00ebs dhe burimeve. \u00cbsht\u00eb ekonomikisht e paefektshme q\u00eb pun\u00ebt t\u00eb mos i shkojn\u00eb personit m\u00eb t\u00eb kualifikuar. N\u00ebse pagat p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn pun\u00eb dallojn\u00eb, grat\u00eb mund t\u00eb humbasin motivimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar dhe ndjekur karrier\u00ebn. Duke p\u00ebrdorur metoda inovative t\u00eb historis\u00eb ekonomike dhe nj\u00eb qasje ekonomike, Goldin ka treguar se shum\u00eb faktor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm kan\u00eb ndikuar historikisht \u2013 dhe vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb \u2013 n\u00eb ofert\u00ebn dhe k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e grave. K\u00ebto p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e grave p\u00ebr t\u00eb kombinuar pun\u00ebn me familjen, vendimet p\u00ebr arsimimin dhe rritjen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve, inovacionet teknologjike, ligjet e normat, si dhe transformimin struktural t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb. Rezultatet e saj kan\u00eb mund\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb t\u00eb arsyes dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si ndryshojn\u00eb nivelet e pun\u00ebsimit dhe pagave mes grave dhe burrave. P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur k\u00ebto p\u00ebrfundime, Goldin ka shqyrtuar nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb prej m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dyqind vjet\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nj\u00eb shikim mbrapa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Gjat\u00eb disa shekujve t\u00eb fundit, shoq\u00ebria ka p\u00ebrjetuar ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha politike, sociale dhe teknologjike. Shtetet e industrializuara kan\u00eb p\u00ebrfituar nga rritje t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme ekonomike q\u00eb nga revolucioni industrial. Do t\u00eb ishte e leht\u00eb t\u00eb besohej se pjes\u00ebmarrja e grave n\u00eb forc\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs do t\u00eb ndiqte t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn tendenc\u00eb, por hulumtimi i Goldin ka treguar se kjo nuk ka ndodhur. Duke shikuar mbrapa, ajo ka krijuar nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb ndryshimeve q\u00eb kan\u00eb kaluar grat\u00eb gjat\u00eb transformimit t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb nga nj\u00eb ekonomi tradicionale bujq\u00ebsore n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb bashk\u00ebkohore. Megjithat\u00eb, disa pjes\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij reflektimi ishin t\u00eb paqarta, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb n\u00ebnraportimit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb grave n\u00eb burimet historike dhe k\u00ebto pika t\u00eb paqarta kishin nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u qart\u00ebsuar. Pasi k\u00ebsaj, Goldin arriti t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb plot\u00eb duke analizuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat historike. Kur ajo shqyrtoi historin\u00eb e SHBA-ve, kjo pamje u b\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht e qart\u00eb \u2013 ajo mundi t\u00eb identifikonte modele novatore q\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm sfiduan njohurit\u00eb ekzistuese, por q\u00eb gjithashtu ndryshuan pamjen e rolit t\u00eb grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs, si historikisht ashtu edhe n\u00eb koh\u00ebt moderne. Nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto modele kishte form\u00ebn e shkronj\u00ebs U.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kurba me form\u00ebn e shkronj\u00ebs U<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Para se libri p\u00ebrparimtar i Goldin t\u00eb publikohej n\u00eb vitin 1990, studiuesit kishin studiuar kryesisht t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga shekulli i nj\u00ebzet\u00eb dhe kishin arritur n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se ekzistonte nj\u00eb lidhje e qart\u00eb pozitive mes rritjes ekonomike dhe numrit t\u00eb grave n\u00eb pun\u00ebsim me pages\u00eb. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, derisa ekonomia rritej, m\u00eb shum\u00eb gra gjenin pun\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak se t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra pothuajse nuk ishin studiuar, kjo lidhje mbetej e paqart\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb kohore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ebzhgimi i par\u00eb i Goldin ishte se shkall\u00ebt e pun\u00ebsimit t\u00eb grave shpesh ishin paraqitur gabimisht n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ekzistuese. P\u00ebr shembull, dikur ishte e zakonshme q\u00eb profesioni i grave t\u00eb sh\u00ebnohej si \u201cbashk\u00ebshorte\u201d n\u00eb censuse dhe regjistra publik\u00eb. Por edhe kur ishin t\u00eb martuara, kjo nuk n\u00ebnkuptonte automatikisht se ato nuk b\u00ebnin pun\u00eb tjera p\u00ebrve\u00e7 pun\u00ebs sht\u00ebpiake. E v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb se nuk ishte e pazakont\u00eb q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb punonin krah p\u00ebr krah me burrat e tyre n\u00eb bujq\u00ebsi ose n\u00eb forma t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb biznesit familjar. Grat\u00eb gjithashtu punonin n\u00eb industri ose prodhime sht\u00ebpiake, si\u00e7 ishin tekstilet ose prodhimet e qum\u00ebshtit, por puna e tyre nuk regjistrohej gjithmon\u00eb si\u00e7 duhet n\u00eb regjistrat historik\u00eb. Duke grumbulluar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb reja duke p\u00ebrdorur anketa historike mbi p\u00ebrdorimin e koh\u00ebs, statistika industriale dhe censuse, Goldin ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb korrigjonte t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat mbi pjes\u00ebmarrjen e grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. Ajo v\u00ebrtetoi se p\u00ebrqindja e grave n\u00eb forc\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb SHBA ishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1890-ta sesa tregohej n\u00eb statistikat zyrtare. P\u00ebr shembull, korrigjimet e saj treguan se shkalla e pun\u00ebsimit p\u00ebr grat\u00eb e martuara ishte pothuajse tri her\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe sesa ajo q\u00eb regjistrohej n\u00eb censuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Duke zbuluar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb shkonin deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, ajo ishte gjithashtu n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb zbulonte nj\u00eb fakt t\u00eb ri dhe befasues historik: para se t\u00eb niste ngjitja e industrializimit n\u00eb shekullin e n\u00ebnt\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, grat\u00eb kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb merrnin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb fuqin\u00eb pun\u00ebtore. Nj\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb ishte se industrializimi e b\u00ebri m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr shum\u00eb gra t\u00eb martuara t\u00eb punonin nga sht\u00ebpia dhe t\u00eb kombinonin pun\u00ebn me familjen. Goldin e dokumentoi k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb inovative, duke p\u00ebrdorur t\u00eb dh\u00ebna nga m\u00eb shum\u00eb se dhjet\u00eb mij\u00eb gra q\u00eb ishin kryefamiljare n\u00eb Philadelphia-n e shekullit t\u00eb tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb. Edhe pse Goldin ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb tregonte se shum\u00eb gra t\u00eb pamartuara ishin pun\u00ebsuar n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e prodhimit gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs industriale (n\u00eb disa shtete, deri n\u00eb kat\u00ebrdhjet\u00eb p\u00ebrqind e t\u00eb rejave punonin n\u00eb industri), fuqia totale pun\u00ebtore e grave pati nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u00eb bashku me rritjen e njohur m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb nj\u00ebzet\u00eb, Goldin tregoi se pjes\u00ebmarrja historike e grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb SHBA mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhej me nj\u00eb kurb\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00ebn e shkronj\u00ebs U p\u00ebr periudh\u00ebn dyqindvje\u00e7are q\u00eb nis nga fundi i shekullit t\u00eb tet\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb. Pasi rritja ekonomike ka qen\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe, kurba e Goldin tregon se nuk ka nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme mes pjes\u00ebmarrjes s\u00eb grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs dhe rritjes ekonomike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tani e dim\u00eb se kjo form\u00eb U nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr SHBA-n\u00eb dhe zbatohet edhe n\u00eb shum\u00eb shtete t\u00eb tjera. K\u00ebto t\u00eb dh\u00ebna e b\u00ebjn\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb hartimin dhe kuptimin e pozicionit t\u00eb grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb nivel nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, nuk duhet t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetemi tek rritja ekonomike q\u00eb t\u00eb reduktoj\u00eb automatikisht dallimet gjinore n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. Por \u00e7far\u00eb i shpjegon k\u00ebto dallime? Pse po ec\u00ebn kaq ngadal\u00eb p\u00ebrparimi drejt barazis\u00eb? Goldin ka v\u00ebrtetuar se martesa \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shpjegim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A e merrni k\u00ebt\u00eb burr\u00eb p\u00ebr bashk\u00ebshortin tuaj ligjor?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb nj\u00ebzet\u00eb, kishte nj\u00eb dallim t\u00eb madh n\u00eb shkall\u00ebt e pun\u00ebsimit mes grave t\u00eb martuara dhe atyre t\u00eb pamartuara. Teksa rreth 20 p\u00ebrqind e grave punonin me pages\u00eb, te grat\u00eb e martuara kjo shif\u00ebr ishte vet\u00ebm 5 p\u00ebrqind. N\u00eb historin\u00eb e SHBA-s\u00eb kjo ishte gjithashtu periudha kur filloi rritja e pjes\u00ebmarrjes s\u00eb grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs \u2013 aty ku kurba n\u00eb form\u00eb U filloi t\u00eb ngjitej. Goldin tregoi se progresi teknologjik, rritja e sektorit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve dhe nivelet m\u00eb t\u00eb larta t\u00eb arsimimit krijuan nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr pun\u00eb t\u00eb grave. Megjithat\u00eb, stigma sociale, legjislacioni dhe barrierat e tjera institucionale kufizuan ndikimin e k\u00ebtyre faktor\u00ebve. Goldin gjithashtu v\u00ebrtetoi se martesa luante nj\u00eb rol m\u00eb t\u00eb madh sesa ishte menduar m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Goldin vuri n\u00eb dukje se legjislacioni i njohur si \u201cpengesa e martes\u00ebs\u201d shpesh pengonte grat\u00eb e martuara t\u00eb vazhdonin pun\u00ebn e tyre si m\u00ebsuese ose punonj\u00ebse zyre. Pavar\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkese n\u00eb rritje p\u00ebr pun\u00eb, grat\u00eb e martuara ishin t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuara nga disa pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tregut t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. Ky lloj legjislacioni arriti kulmin gjat\u00eb Depresionit t\u00eb Madh t\u00eb viteve 1930 dhe viteve pas tij \u2013 por nuk ishte arsyeja e vetme. Goldin gjithashtu tregoi se kishte nj\u00eb faktor tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsimin e uljes s\u00eb dallimit midis niveleve t\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit t\u00eb burrave dhe grave dhe ky faktor ishte pritshm\u00ebria e grave p\u00ebr karrierat e tyre t\u00eb ardhshme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n R\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e pritshm\u00ebrive<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tregu i pun\u00ebs p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga breza t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, grupe q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrballur me kushte t\u00eb ndryshme kur kan\u00eb marr\u00eb vendime p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e tyre. Goldin zhvilloi nj\u00eb qasje t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb breza p\u00ebr analiz\u00ebn e asaj q\u00eb ndodh kur nj\u00eb brez hyn n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb nj\u00ebzet\u00eb p\u00ebr shembull, shumica e grave prisnin t\u00eb punonin p\u00ebr disa vite para martes\u00ebs dhe pastaj t\u00eb dilnin nga tregu i pun\u00ebs pas martes\u00ebs, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ndikonte n\u00eb zgjedhjet e tyre arsimore. Goldin tregoi se n\u00eb periudha zhvillimi t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb, grat\u00eb mund t\u00eb marrin vendime bazuar n\u00eb pritshm\u00ebri q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb nuk realizohen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb nj\u00ebzet\u00eb, ndryshimet shoq\u00ebrore b\u00ebnin q\u00eb grat\u00eb e martuara shpesh t\u00eb ktheheshin n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs pasi f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre t\u00eb rriteshin. Mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e pun\u00ebs q\u00eb ato kishin n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishin t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb zgjedhjet arsimore q\u00eb kishin b\u00ebr\u00eb ndoshta 25 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb kur ato, sipas normave shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, nuk prisnin t\u00eb kishin nj\u00eb karrier\u00eb. Shum\u00eb gra q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb reja n\u00eb vitet 1950 kishin n\u00ebna amvise dhe kur n\u00ebna e tyre u kthye n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs, vajzat tashm\u00eb kishin zgjedhur rrug\u00ebn e tyre arsimore. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, vajzat nuk prisnin t\u00eb kishin nj\u00eb karrier\u00eb kur planifikonin t\u00eb ardhmen e tyre dhe e kuptuan shum\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb se mund t\u00eb kishin nj\u00eb karrier\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe aktive. P\u00ebr shum\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb nj\u00ebzet\u00eb, grat\u00eb e n\u00ebnvler\u00ebsuan sa shum\u00eb do t\u00eb punonin; pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb dhe rezultatet nuk filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrputheshin deri n\u00eb vitet 1970. Si pasoj\u00eb, grat\u00eb q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb reja n\u00eb at\u00eb periudh\u00eb investuan m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb arsimimin e tyre. Gjat\u00eb dekadave t\u00eb fundit, grat\u00eb kan\u00eb filluar t\u00eb studiojn\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb dhe n\u00eb vendet me t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb larta, grat\u00eb zakonisht kan\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel arsimimi m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb se burrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fakti q\u00eb grat\u00eb shpesh e linin tregun e pun\u00ebs p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb pas martes\u00ebs shpjegon gjithashtu pse niveli mesatar i pun\u00ebsimit p\u00ebr grat\u00eb u rrit kaq pak, pavar\u00ebsisht rritjes masive t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb nj\u00ebzet\u00eb. Pasi grat\u00eb q\u00eb kishin kaluar shum\u00eb vjet n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi me f\u00ebmij\u00ebt kishin p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e forc\u00ebs pun\u00ebtore t\u00eb grave, qasja e bazuar n\u00eb breza shpjegon pse progresi dukej m\u00eb i ngadalt\u00eb nga sa ishte n\u00eb realitet. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse pjes\u00ebmarrja n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs ishte 20 p\u00ebrqind p\u00ebr nj\u00eb brez dhe 40 p\u00ebrqind p\u00ebr nj\u00eb brez tjet\u00ebr, mesatarja e pjes\u00ebmarrjes do t\u00eb ishte 30 p\u00ebrqind (p\u00ebr aq sa brezat jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb n\u00eb madh\u00ebsi), megjith\u00ebse pjes\u00ebmarrja n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb dyfishuar midis k\u00ebtyre dy brezave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Megjithat\u00eb, edhe pse normat shoq\u00ebrore, modelet e reja n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs dhe nivelet e arsimit n\u00eb rritje ndikuan n\u00eb nivelin e pun\u00ebsimit t\u00eb grave, risit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit kan\u00eb ndryshuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb themelore mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre p\u00ebr planifikimin dhe zhvillimin e nj\u00eb karriere. Nj\u00ebra nga k\u00ebto risi ishte nj\u00eb pilul\u00eb e vog\u00ebl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Fuqia e pilul\u00ebs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb e grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs ndryshuan n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1960, kur u shpik pilula \u2013 nj\u00eb metod\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebr planifikimin e familjes dhe mbrojtjen nga shtatz\u00ebnia q\u00eb grat\u00eb mund ta kontrollonin vet\u00eb. Duke p\u00ebrdorur faktin q\u00eb grat\u00eb e reja mund t\u00eb kishin qasje n\u00eb pilul\u00eb nd\u00ebr vite e n\u00eb shtete t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb, Goldin dhe bashkautorja e saj, Lawrence Katz, demonstruan fuqin\u00eb e pilul\u00ebs. Goldin zbuloi se pilula b\u00ebri q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb shtynin martes\u00ebn dhe lindjen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve. Ato gjithashtu b\u00ebn\u00eb zgjedhje t\u00eb tjera karriere dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje n\u00eb rritje e grave filluan t\u00eb studiojn\u00eb ekonomi, juridik dhe mjek\u00ebsi. Grupet e prekura ishin ato gra q\u00eb ishin lindur n\u00eb vitet 1950, t\u00eb cilat kishin pasur mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb merrnin pilul\u00ebn kur ishin t\u00eb reja. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, pilula b\u00ebri q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb planifikonin m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen e tyre dhe si rezultat t\u00eb kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb qarta p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb prisnin, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb shtys\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb re p\u00ebr t\u00eb investuar n\u00eb arsimimin dhe karrier\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Edhe pse pilula ndikoi n\u00eb zgjedhjet arsimore dhe ato t\u00eb karrier\u00ebs, kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb hendeku i t\u00eb ardhurave mes grave dhe burrave u zhduk plot\u00ebsisht, megjithat\u00eb ai ka p\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb zvog\u00eblim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb nga vitet 1970. P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se si ka ndryshuar hendeku i t\u00eb ardhurave gjat\u00eb historis\u00eb, Goldin vendosi s\u00ebrish t\u00eb shikonte pas n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hendeku historik i t\u00eb ardhurave<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Goldin filloi duke grumbulluar statistika nga nj\u00eb gam\u00eb burimesh, duke prodhuar serin\u00eb e par\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb mbi hendekun e pagave mes burrave dhe grave. Duke p\u00ebrdorur materiale q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinin dyqind vjet, ajo arriti t\u00eb demonstroj\u00eb se shum\u00eb ndryshime strukturore t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme historikisht n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs, n\u00eb fakt u ndihmuan grave, shum\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebrpara se \u00e7\u00ebshtja e barazis\u00eb t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb prioritet. Hendeku i t\u00eb ardhurave mes gjinive u zvog\u00eblua ndjesh\u00ebm gjat\u00eb revolucionit industrial (1820\u20131850) dhe kur k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbime administrative dhe sekretariale u rrit (1890\u20131930). Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr rritjes ekonomike, niveleve m\u00eb t\u00eb larta t\u00eb arsimit p\u00ebr grat\u00eb dhe dyfishimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrqindjes s\u00eb grave q\u00eb punonin me pages\u00eb, hendeku i t\u00eb ardhurave mbeti thelb\u00ebsisht i pandryshuar midis 1930 dhe 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Duke p\u00ebrdorur k\u00ebto statistika, Goldin gjithashtu arriti t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb se diskriminimi n\u00eb paga (ndryshimet n\u00eb paga q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb shpjegohen nga dallimet e v\u00ebzhguara n\u00eb faktor\u00eb si produktiviteti, arsimimi dhe mosha) q\u00eb ndikonte tek grat\u00eb u rrit ndjesh\u00ebm me rritjen e sektorit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve n\u00eb shekullin XX. Para k\u00ebsaj periudhe, grat\u00eb zakonisht punonin n\u00eb sektor\u00eb ku paga bazohej n\u00eb pun\u00eb me produkte; pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt n\u00eb k\u00ebto lloje industrish, qofshin ata burra apo gra, paguheshin sipas produktivitetit t\u00eb tyre. Midis fundit t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb dhe vitit 1940, ndryshimi i pagave mes burrave dhe grave q\u00eb mund t\u2019i atribuohej diskriminimit u rrit nga 20 n\u00eb 55 p\u00ebrqind n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e prodhimit. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, diskriminimi i pagave u rrit, disi befasuesh\u00ebm, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb kur hendeku i t\u00eb ardhurave mes burrave dhe grave u zvog\u00eblua. Nj\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb ishte se kontratat p\u00ebr pun\u00eb me produkte u braktis\u00ebn gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb pages\u00ebs me pag\u00eb mujore. Goldin tregoi se n\u00eb lidhje me hyrjen e sistemeve moderne t\u00eb pages\u00ebs, pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebset\/it priren t\u00eb favorizojn\u00eb punonj\u00ebsit me karriera t\u00eb gjata dhe t\u00eb pand\u00ebrprera. K\u00ebshtu, pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb luajt\u00ebn nj\u00eb rol jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr punonj\u00ebset\/it, por edhe p\u00ebr pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebset\/it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Efekti i prind\u00ebrimit<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Tani hendeku i t\u00eb ardhurave mes grave dhe burrave n\u00eb vendet me t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb larta \u00ebsht\u00eb diku midis 10 dhe 20 p\u00ebrqind, edhe pse shum\u00eb prej k\u00ebtyre vendeve kan\u00eb legjislacion p\u00ebr paga t\u00eb barabarta dhe grat\u00eb shpesh jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb arsimuara se burrat. Pse ndodh kjo? Goldin p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebsaj pyetjeje dhe mes shum\u00eb gj\u00ebrave arrin t\u00eb identifikoj\u00eb nj\u00eb shpjegim ky\u00e7: prind\u00ebrimin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Duke studiuar se si ndryshimet n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura mes burrave dhe grave ndryshuan gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs, Goldin dhe bashk\u00ebautoret e saj, Marianne Bertrand dhe Lawrence Katz, treguan n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb vitit 2010 se dallimet fillestare t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave jan\u00eb t\u00eb vogla. Megjithat\u00eb, sapo vjen f\u00ebmija i par\u00eb, trendi ndryshon; t\u00eb ardhurat bien menj\u00ebher\u00eb dhe nuk rriten me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn shpejt\u00ebsi p\u00ebr grat\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb, edhe n\u00ebse ato kan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin nivel arsimimi dhe kualifikimi. Studimet nga vende t\u00eb tjera e kan\u00eb konfirmuar gjetjen e Goldin dhe prind\u00ebrimi tani mund t\u00eb shpjegoj\u00eb pothuajse plot\u00ebsisht dallimet n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhura mes burrave dhe grave n\u00eb vendet me t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb larta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Goldin tregoi se ky efekt i am\u00ebsis\u00eb mund t\u00eb shpjegohet pjes\u00ebrisht nga natyra e tregjeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs bashk\u00ebkohore, ku shum\u00eb sektor\u00eb presin q\u00eb punonj\u00ebsit\/et t\u00eb jen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb disponuesh\u00ebm dhe fleksib\u00ebl ndaj k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebseve\/ve. Pasi grave shpesh u bien m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi sesa burrave p\u00ebr kujdesin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve, kjo e b\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebrparimin n\u00eb karrier\u00eb dhe rritjen e t\u00eb ardhurave. Detyrat q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t’i bashkosh me pun\u00eb me koh\u00eb t\u00eb pjesshme gjithashtu e b\u00ebjn\u00eb m\u00eb sfiduese p\u00ebr personin n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, zakonisht gruan, q\u00eb t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb karrier\u00ebn, duke zgjedhur t\u00eb ul\u00eb or\u00ebt e pun\u00ebs. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto faktor\u00eb kan\u00eb pasoja t\u00eb thella p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhurat e grave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nj\u00eb shikim n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Duke k\u00ebrkuar n\u00ebp\u00ebr arkiva dhe duke grumbulluar dhe korrigjuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat historike, Goldin ka arritur t\u00eb paraqes\u00eb fakte t\u00eb reja dhe befasuese. Ajo gjithashtu na ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb t\u00eb faktor\u00ebve q\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs dhe se sa ka qen\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e tyre. Fakti q\u00eb zgjedhjet e grave shpesh jan\u00eb kufizuar dhe vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuara nga martesa dhe p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsia p\u00ebr sht\u00ebpin\u00eb dhe familjen \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb thelb t\u00eb analizave dhe modeleve t\u00eb saj shpjeguese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hulumtimi i Goldin tregon se dallimet mes grave dhe burrave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs p\u00ebrcaktohen nga faktor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm gjat\u00eb periudhave t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb zhvillimit shoq\u00ebror. Politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsit\/et q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebto dallime duhet s\u00eb pari t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb se pse ato ekzistojn\u00eb. Investimet n\u00eb informacion dhe arsim ose legjislacioni q\u00eb heq pengesat institucionale, mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00ebse pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb p\u00ebr karrier\u00ebn dhe nivelet e arsimimit t\u00eb grave jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta se ato t\u00eb burrave. Megjithat\u00eb, t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat investime ndoshta kan\u00eb nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb kufizuar n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb ku grat\u00eb tashm\u00eb kan\u00eb nivele t\u00eb larta t\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit dhe ndoshta jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb arsimuara se burrat. P\u00ebr shembull, ne e dim\u00eb se nuk mjafton q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb arsimuara n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat kushte si burrat; hendeku i t\u00eb ardhurave mes burrave dhe grave ende ekziston. Mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb planifikuar dhe financuar nj\u00eb rikthim n\u00eb forc\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs pas lindjes s\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve, ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar m\u00eb me fleksibilitet, mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb ndikim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Studimet e Goldin gjithashtu na kan\u00eb m\u00ebsuar se ndryshimi k\u00ebrkon koh\u00eb, sepse zgjedhjet q\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb karriera t\u00eb t\u00ebra bazohen n\u00eb pritshm\u00ebri q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb mund t\u00eb dalin t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb gabuara. Historia e SHBA-ve dhe zhvillime t\u00eb ngjashme n\u00eb shum\u00eb shtete t\u00eb tjera me t\u00eb ardhura t\u00eb larta tregojn\u00eb se ndryshimi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i fshehur p\u00ebr dekada n\u00ebp\u00ebr statistikat e grumbulluara, sepse nj\u00eb ndryshim i ri nuk ka nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb fillim. Ndryshimet e m\u00ebdha n\u00eb forc\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs mund t\u00eb ndodhin vet\u00ebm gjat\u00eb periudhave relativisht t\u00eb shkurtra kohore kur grupet q\u00eb e adoptuan k\u00ebt\u00eb sjellje t\u00eb re n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb mosh\u00ebn e mesme dhe ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb zgjedhjet profesionale t\u00eb grave t\u00eb reja. <\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto i dim\u00eb fal\u00eb hulumtimeve t\u00eb Claudia Goldin. Ne gjithashtu e dim\u00eb se njohurit\u00eb e saj shtrihen edhe jasht\u00eb kufijve t\u00eb SHBA-ve dhe se modele t\u00eb ngjashme jan\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur n\u00eb shum\u00eb shtete t\u00eb tjera. Hulumtimi i saj na sjell nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb tregjeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs t\u00eb s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs, t\u00eb sotmes dhe t\u00eb ardhmes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Claudia Goldin<\/p>\n\n\n\n P\u00ebrktheu: Riola Morina<\/p>\n\n\n\n