{"id":10570,"date":"2025-01-23T14:52:05","date_gmt":"2025-01-23T13:52:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/qika.org\/?post_type=lexo-post&p=10570"},"modified":"2025-01-24T13:16:15","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T12:16:15","slug":"puna-e-grave-dhe-hendeku-gjinor-i-pagave","status":"publish","type":"lexo-post","link":"https:\/\/qika.org\/en\/lexo-post\/puna-e-grave-dhe-hendeku-gjinor-i-pagave\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cPuna e Grave\u201d dhe Hendeku Gjinor i Pagave"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

P\u00ebrmbledhje<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7far\u00eb gjen ky raport: Grat\u00eb paguhen 79 cent p\u00ebr \u00e7do 1 dollar q\u00eb paguhen burrat\u2014pavar\u00ebsisht faktit se gjat\u00eb dekadave t\u00eb fundit miliona gra m\u00eb shum\u00eb i jan\u00eb bashkuar fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore dhe kan\u00eb rritur arritjet e tyre arsimore. Shum\u00eb shpesh supozohet se ky hendek i pagave nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebshmi e diskriminimit, por p\u00ebrkundrazi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb artefakt statistikor i d\u00ebshtimit t\u00eb mosllogaritjes s\u00eb faktor\u00ebve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nxisin ndryshimet e fitimeve midis burrave dhe grave. Megjithat\u00eb, k\u00ebta faktor\u00eb – ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht dallimet profesionale midis grave dhe burrave – shpesh ndikohen nga paragjykimet gjinore. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur nj\u00eb grua fiton dollarin e saj t\u00eb par\u00eb, zgjedhja e saj profesionale \u00ebsht\u00eb kulmi i viteve t\u00eb arsimit, udh\u00ebzimit nga mentor\u00ebt\/et, pritshm\u00ebrive t\u00eb vendosura nga ata\/ato q\u00eb e kan\u00eb rritur, praktikave t\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit t\u00eb kompanive dhe normave e pritshm\u00ebrive t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura n\u00eb lidhje me baraspeshimin pun\u00eb-familje, t\u00eb mbajtur nga pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit\/et, bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor\u00ebt\/et dhe shoq\u00ebria. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, edhe pse grat\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb disproporcionale n\u00eb profesione me paga m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta, t\u00eb dominuara nga to, vendimi \u00ebsht\u00eb form\u00ebsuar nga diskriminimi, normat shoq\u00ebrore dhe forca t\u00eb tjera jasht\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pse \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe si mund t\u00eb zgjidhet: Hendeku gjinor n\u00eb paga ekziston \u2014 dhe d\u00ebmton grat\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha nivelet, duke ua ulur t\u00eb ardhurat dhe duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb baraspeshimin mes pun\u00ebs dhe familjes. P\u00ebrpjekjet serioze p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar k\u00ebt\u00eb hendek gjinor nuk duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohen n\u00eb faj\u00ebsimin e grave p\u00ebr mosfitimin e t\u00eb ardhurave m\u00eb t\u00eb larta. P\u00ebrkundrazi, k\u00ebto p\u00ebrpjekje duhet t\u00eb shqyrtojn\u00eb se ku ekonomia jon\u00eb krijon mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb pabarabarta p\u00ebr grat\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do faz\u00eb t\u00eb arsimimit, trajnimit dhe zgjedhjes s\u00eb karrier\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hyrje dhe gjetjet kryesore <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grat\u00eb paguhen 79 cent p\u00ebr \u00e7do 1 dollar q\u00eb paguhen burrat (Hegewisch dhe DuMonthier 2016). Kjo pavar\u00ebsisht faktit se gjat\u00eb dekadave t\u00eb fundit miliona gra i jan\u00eb bashkuar tregut t\u00eb pun\u00ebs dhe kan\u00eb arritur p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb arsimimin e tyre. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kritik\u00ebt e k\u00ebsaj statistike t\u00eb cituar shpesh argumentojn\u00eb se nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prov\u00eb e fort\u00eb e diskriminimit ekonomik kund\u00ebr grave, pasi nuk merr parasysh faktor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb p\u00ebrve\u00e7 gjinis\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb pagat, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb vitet e arsimimit, p\u00ebrvoja e pun\u00ebs dhe vendndodhja. Shum\u00eb prej k\u00ebtyre skeptik\u00ebve pohojn\u00eb se hendeku gjinor n\u00eb paga nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultat i diskriminimit, por i zgjedhjeve t\u00eb lira t\u00eb burrave dhe grave \u2014 ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht zgjedhja e profesionit ku ata\/o punojn\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb se dallimet profesionale kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi \u2014 profesioni dhe industria p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb rreth gjysm\u00ebn e hendekut gjinor t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm n\u00eb paga (Blau dhe Kahn 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb izoluar ndikimin e diskriminimit t\u00eb hapur gjinor \u2014 si n\u00eb rastet kur nj\u00eb grua paguhet m\u00eb pak se kolegu i saj burr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn pun\u00eb \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb zakon t\u00eb rregullohen t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat duke marr\u00eb parasysh faktor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. Por k\u00ebto statistika t\u00eb rregulluara mund t\u00eb n\u00ebnvler\u00ebsojn\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb potencialin e diskriminimit gjinor. Kjo ndodh sepse diskriminimi gjinor nuk shfaqet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb praktikat e caktimit t\u00eb pagave nga pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit\/et. Ai mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do faz\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7on n\u00eb rezultatet e grave n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le t\u00eb marrim si shembull ky\u00e7 profesionin e zgjedhur. Nd\u00ebrsa kontrollimi dhe rregullimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb profesionit zvog\u00eblon hendekun e matur gjinor n\u00eb paga, p\u00ebrzgjedhja e grave dhe burrave n\u00eb profesione t\u00eb ndryshme mund t\u00eb ndikohet vet\u00eb (t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn pjes\u00ebrisht) nga diskriminimi. Kur nj\u00eb grua fiton dollarin e saj t\u00eb par\u00eb, zgjedhja e saj profesionale \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultati i viteve t\u00eb arsimit, udh\u00ebzimeve nga mentor\u00ebt\/et, pritshm\u00ebrive t\u00eb vendosura nga ata\/o q\u00eb e kan\u00eb rritur, praktikave t\u00eb pun\u00ebsimit t\u00eb kompanive dhe normave t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura shoq\u00ebrore mbi baraspeshimin mes pun\u00ebs dhe familjes t\u00eb mbajtura nga pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit\/et, koleg\u00ebt\/et dhe vet\u00eb shoq\u00ebria. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, edhe pse grat\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb disproporcionale n\u00eb profesione m\u00eb pak t\u00eb paguara dhe t\u00eb dominuara nga to, ky vendim \u00ebsht\u00eb formuar nga diskriminimi, normat shoq\u00ebrore dhe forca t\u00eb tjera jasht\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb tyre. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ky raport shpjegon pse p\u00ebrzgjedhja gjinore e profesioneve \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e vet\u00eb diskriminimit me t\u00eb cilin p\u00ebrballen grat\u00eb, shqyrton se si kjo p\u00ebrzgjedhje ndikohet nga forcat shoq\u00ebrore e ekonomike dhe demonstron se hendek\u00ebt gjinor\u00eb n\u00eb paga ekzistojn\u00eb edhe brenda profesioneve t\u00eb caktuara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pikat kryesore p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Hendek\u00ebt gjinor\u00eb n\u00eb paga ekzistojn\u00eb edhe brenda profesioneve, edhe pasi merret parasysh p\u00ebrvoja e pun\u00ebs, or\u00ebt e pun\u00ebs dhe niveli arsimor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Vendimet q\u00eb grat\u00eb marrin p\u00ebr profesionin dhe karrier\u00ebn e tyre nuk ndodhin n\u00eb vakum \u2014 ato gjithashtu ndikohen nga shoq\u00ebria. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Or\u00ebt e gjata t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuara nga profesionet me pagat m\u00eb t\u00eb larta e b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb suksesin e grave, pasi grat\u00eb mbajn\u00eb shpesh barr\u00ebn kryesore t\u00eb kujdesit p\u00ebr familjen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Shum\u00eb profesione t\u00eb dominuara nga grat\u00eb jan\u00eb me paga t\u00eb ul\u00ebta dhe profesionet q\u00eb kan\u00eb kaluar n\u00eb dominim prej grave kan\u00eb p\u00ebsuar ulje t\u00eb pagave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ky raport analizon pagat n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb pun\u00ebs me or\u00eb. Teknikisht, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb matje e rregulluar e hendekut gjinor n\u00eb paga. N\u00eb dallim nga t\u00eb ardhurat javore ose vjetore, t\u00eb ardhurat p\u00ebr or\u00eb nuk marrin parasysh faktin se burrat punojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb or\u00eb mesatarisht gjat\u00eb jav\u00ebs ose vitit. Prandaj, hendeku gjinor n\u00eb paga p\u00ebr or\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pak m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl se shifra prej 79 p\u00ebrqind e p\u00ebrmendur m\u00eb her\u00ebt. Ky rregullim i vog\u00ebl lejon nj\u00eb krahasim t\u00eb pagave t\u00eb grave dhe burrave pa supozuar se grat\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat ende mbajn\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb disproporcionale t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsive n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, do t\u00eb mund ose do t\u00eb d\u00ebshironin t\u00eb punonin po aq or\u00eb sa koleg\u00ebt e tyre burra. Analizimi i hendekut gjinor n\u00eb paga bazuar n\u00eb or\u00ebt e pun\u00ebs mund\u00ebson nj\u00eb diskutim m\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb mbi faktor\u00ebt e shumt\u00eb q\u00eb krijojn\u00eb hendekun n\u00eb paga q\u00eb grat\u00eb p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hendeku gjinor n\u00eb paga brenda t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit profesion \u00ebsht\u00eb i madh \u2014 dhe vazhdon t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb edhe pasi t\u00eb merren parasysh arsimi dhe faktor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shpesh, ata\/o q\u00eb minimizojn\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e hendekut gjinor n\u00eb paga pretendojn\u00eb se grat\u00eb zgjedhin vullnetarisht t\u00eb marrin paga m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta, duke u orientuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb disproporcionale drejt profesioneve tipike fem\u00ebrore ose duke k\u00ebrkuar pozita m\u00eb pak t\u00eb paguara. Por edhe kur burrat dhe grat\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin profesion \u2014 qofshin ata parukier\u00eb\/e, kozmetolog\u00eb\/e, infermier\u00eb\/e, m\u00ebsues\/e, inxhinier\u00eb\/e kompjuterik\u00eb\/e, inxhinier\u00eb\/e mekanik\u00eb\/e apo pun\u00ebtor\u00eb\/e nd\u00ebrtimi \u2014 burrat, mesatarisht, fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se grat\u00eb (CPS microdata 2011\u20132015). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imagjinoni sikur p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi i grave n\u00eb profesione t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb ishte i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me at\u00eb t\u00eb burrave. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse 2 p\u00ebrqind e burrave jan\u00eb zdrukth\u00ebtar\u00eb, supozoni se 2 p\u00ebrqind e grave b\u00ebhen zdrukth\u00ebtare. \u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb ndodhte me hendekun e pagave? Duke marr\u00eb parasysh ndryshimet n\u00eb arsimim dhe preferencat p\u00ebr pun\u00eb me orar t\u00eb plot\u00eb, Goldin (2014) zbulon se 32 p\u00ebrqind e hendekut gjinor n\u00eb paga do t\u00eb mbyllej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse grat\u00eb do t\u00eb mbeteshin n\u00eb profesionet e tyre aktuale, por hendeku i pagave brenda profesioneve do t\u00eb mbyllej (p.sh., n\u00ebse inxhinier\u00ebt civil\u00eb dhe inxhinieret civile do t\u00eb paguheshin nj\u00ebsoj p\u00ebr or\u00eb), 68 p\u00ebrqind e hendekut t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm do t\u00eb zhdukej. Kjo na shtyn\u00eb t\u00eb analizojm\u00eb pse kamarier\u00ebt dhe kamarieret me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin nivel arsimor dhe p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb pune nuk fitojn\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn shum\u00eb p\u00ebr or\u00eb pune. Si\u00e7 thot\u00eb Goldin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb matur ndikimin e profesionit \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb pyesim se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb ndodhte me hendekun gjinor n\u00eb paga n\u00ebse do t\u00eb barazohej paga midis burrave dhe grave brenda \u00e7do profesioni, ose n\u00ebse p\u00ebrqindjet e tyre brenda profesioneve do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta. P\u00ebrgjigjja \u00ebsht\u00eb se barazimi i pagave brenda \u00e7do profesioni ka nj\u00eb ndikim shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madh sesa barazimi i p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimit gjinor p\u00ebr secilin profesion. (Goldin 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ky fenomen nuk kufizohet vet\u00ebm te profesionet me aft\u00ebsi t\u00eb ul\u00ebta dhe grat\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb t\u2019i shp\u00ebtojn\u00eb hendekut gjinor n\u00eb paga vet\u00ebm duke p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar nivelin e tyre arsimor (t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn kur flitet p\u00ebr kualifikime t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme formale). N\u00eb fakt, grat\u00eb kan\u00eb arritje arsimore m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se burrat; 37 p\u00ebrqind e grave kan\u00eb diplom\u00eb universitare ose m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar, krahasuar me 32.5 p\u00ebrqind t\u00eb burrave (CPS ORG 2015). P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, grat\u00eb fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb pak p\u00ebr or\u00eb pune n\u00eb \u00e7do nivel arsimim. Burrat me diplom\u00eb universitare fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr or\u00eb sesa grat\u00eb me diplom\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar. Po ashtu, burrat me diplom\u00eb t\u00eb shkoll\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr or\u00eb sesa grat\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb ndjekur studime universitare por nuk i kan\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht. Madje, sapo dalin nga universiteti, grat\u00eb fitojn\u00eb 4 dollar\u00eb m\u00eb pak p\u00ebr or\u00eb sesa burrat \u2014 nj\u00eb hendek q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur q\u00eb nga viti 2000 (Kroeger, Cooke dhe Gould 2016).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drejtimi i grave n\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb caktuara arsimore dhe profesionale \u2014 si dhe diskriminimi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb \u2014 mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb rezultate t\u00eb ndryshme profesionale <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hendeku gjinor n\u00eb paga shkaktohet, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn pjes\u00ebrisht, nga ndikimi kumulativ i shum\u00eb faktor\u00ebve gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb grave kur trajtohen ndryshe nga bashk\u00ebmoshatar\u00ebt e tyre burra. Vajzat mund t\u00eb orientohen drejt karrierave t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme sipas normave gjinore q\u00eb n\u00eb mosh\u00eb t\u00eb hershme. N\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb kur ndikimi prind\u00ebror \u00ebsht\u00eb vendimtar, prind\u00ebrit kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb gjasa t\u00eb presin q\u00eb djemt\u00eb dhe jo vajzat, t\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb fusha t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs, teknologjis\u00eb, inxhinieris\u00eb ose matematik\u00ebs (STEM), edhe kur vajzat kan\u00eb rezultate t\u00eb barabarta n\u00eb matematik\u00eb (OECD 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb shpesh kthehen n\u00eb profeci vet\u00ebp\u00ebrmbush\u00ebse. Nj\u00eb studim i vitit 2005 zbuloi se vajzat e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb tret\u00eb i vler\u00ebsonin aft\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre n\u00eb matematik\u00eb m\u00eb ul\u00ebt sesa djemt\u00eb, edhe pse performanca e tyre nuk ishte m\u00eb e dob\u00ebt (Herbert dhe Stipek 2005). Po k\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb shtetet ku njer\u00ebzit ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb prirur t\u00eb thoshin se \u201cgrat\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr sht\u00ebpi\u201d dhe \u201cmatematika \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr djemt\u00eb\u201d, vajzat kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb gjasa t\u00eb kishin nota m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta n\u00eb matematik\u00eb dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb larta n\u00eb lexim (Pope dhe Sydnor 2010). Teksa ky \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb korrelacion, nuk ka arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar se aft\u00ebsit\u00eb gjinore n\u00eb lexim dhe matematik\u00eb do t\u00eb kishin lidhje me gjeografin\u00eb. Pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb e prind\u00ebrve ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb performanc\u00ebn e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve p\u00ebrmes uljes s\u00eb vet\u00ebbesimit, i cili lidhet me rezultate m\u00eb t\u00eb larta n\u00eb testime (OECD 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur vajzat p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb shkoll\u00ebn e mesme dhe hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb universitet, ato tashm\u00eb i vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb ndryshe mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb karrier\u00ebs n\u00eb krahasim me djemt\u00eb. P\u00ebrzgjedhja e deg\u00ebve nga student\u00ebt e vitit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb ndar\u00eb sipas gjinis\u00eb tregon q\u00eb nd\u00ebrsa vajzat gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb kan\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb shkoll\u00ebn e mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb dominojn\u00eb fush\u00ebn e infermieris\u00eb, ato jan\u00eb duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb pak t\u00eb prirura p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhur inxhinierin\u00eb, shkencat kompjuterike ose fizik\u00ebn, krahasuar me bashk\u00ebmoshatar\u00ebt e tyre djem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vendimet p\u00ebr t\u00eb lejuar q\u00eb dyert drejt mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb pun\u00ebs me paga t\u00eb larta t\u00eb mbyllen nuk ndodhin n\u00eb vakum. Shum\u00eb faktor\u00eb mund ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vajz\u00eb t\u00eb re t\u00eb shoh\u00eb veten n\u00eb fusha si shkenca kompjuterike apo n\u00eb nj\u00eb profesion tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb mir\u00ebpaguar. Nj\u00eb shembull ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht shqet\u00ebsues \u00ebsht\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur nga t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e publikuara mbi seksizmin n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e teknologjis\u00eb (Hewlett et al. 2008). Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, teknologjia nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e vetmja fush\u00eb e STEM q\u00eb p\u00ebrballet me k\u00ebt\u00eb problem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grat\u00eb e reja mund t\u00eb demoralizohen nga ndjekja e disa karrierave p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb industris\u00eb. Edhe p\u00ebr ato q\u00eb guxojn\u00eb t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb kund\u00ebr rrym\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb ndjekin karriera n\u00eb STEM, nj\u00eb mjedis armiq\u00ebsor ndaj pjes\u00ebmarrjes s\u00eb grave mund t\u00eb kufizoj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin e tyre n\u00eb k\u00ebto profesione. Nj\u00eb studim i vitit 2008 zbuloi se \u201c52 p\u00ebrqind e grave me kualifikim t\u00eb lart\u00eb q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb kompanit\u00eb SET (shkenc\u00eb, teknologji dhe inxhinieri) japin dor\u00ebheqje p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mjedisit armiq\u00ebsor t\u00eb pun\u00ebs dhe presioneve ekstreme t\u00eb pun\u00ebs\u201d (Hewlett et al. 2008). Presionet ekstreme p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb pun\u00ebn p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 100 or\u00eb n\u00eb jav\u00eb, gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb 24\/7, menaxhimin e koleg\u00ebve n\u00eb zona kohore t\u00eb ndryshme dhe presionin p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar shum\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb vendin e pun\u00ebs (Hewlett et al. 2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00eb krahasim me burrat, grat\u00eb kryejn\u00eb pun\u00eb sht\u00ebpie dy her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00e7do dit\u00eb dhe kalojn\u00eb dyfish m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb duke u kujdesur p\u00ebr an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb familjes (BLS 2015). P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre normave kulturore, grat\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb pak gjasa t\u00eb p\u00ebrballojn\u00eb presionet ekstreme t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, 63 p\u00ebrqind e grave n\u00eb vendet e pun\u00ebs SET p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb ngacmime seksuale (Hewlett et al. 2008). P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsuar situat\u00ebn, 51 p\u00ebrqind e tyre e braktisin formimin e tyre n\u00eb fushat e SET pasi l\u00ebn\u00eb pun\u00ebn. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta faktor\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb n\u00eb largimin e grave nga profesionet e paguara mir\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb fushat STEM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Or\u00ebt e gjata t\u00eb pun\u00ebs q\u00eb k\u00ebrkohen nga disa prej profesioneve m\u00eb t\u00eb paguara nuk p\u00ebrputhen me p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit\u00eb familjare historikisht t\u00eb ndara sipas gjinis\u00eb <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Personat q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb anashkalojn\u00eb hendekun gjinor n\u00eb paga shpesh sugjerojn\u00eb se grat\u00eb q\u00eb punojn\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm dhe arrijn\u00eb majat e fush\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre do t\u00eb korrin plot\u00ebsisht frytet e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb realitet hendeku gjinor n\u00eb paga \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i madh p\u00ebr ato q\u00eb fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. Grat\u00eb n\u00eb 5 p\u00ebrqind\u00ebshin m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb pagave p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb nj\u00eb hendek shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb paga sesa grat\u00eb me paga m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00ebrish, ky hendek i madh n\u00eb paga midis fituesve\/eve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj\/aja \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht i ndikuar nga paragjykimi gjinor. Ekonomistja e Harvardit, Claudia Goldin (2014), sugjeron se kompanit\u00eb me paga t\u00eb larta kan\u00eb praktika q\u00eb shp\u00ebrblejn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb disproporcionale ata q\u00eb punojn\u00eb or\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjata dhe n\u00eb periudha t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se edhe n\u00ebse burrat dhe grat\u00eb jan\u00eb nj\u00ebsoj produktiv\u00eb, individ\u00ebt\u2014kryesisht burra\u2014q\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb punojn\u00eb or\u00eb shtes\u00eb dhe t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion jasht\u00eb orarit, paguhen m\u00eb mir\u00eb (Hersch dhe Stratton 2002; Goldin 2014; Landers, Rebitzer dhe Taylor 1996). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb pse kjo situat\u00eb i d\u00ebmton grat\u00eb. Normat dhe pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb shoq\u00ebrore u ushtrojn\u00eb presion grave q\u00eb t\u00eb marrin nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb disproporcionale t\u00eb pun\u00ebve sht\u00ebpiake\u2014ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht kujdesin p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt dhe prind\u00ebrit e moshuar. Kjo e b\u00ebn ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr to (krahasuar me koleg\u00ebt e tyre burra) t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion p\u00ebr pun\u00eb t\u00eb diel\u00ebn n\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje pas nj\u00eb jave me 60 or\u00eb pune. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb q\u00eb disponueshm\u00ebria p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar or\u00eb t\u00eb gjata dhe n\u00eb periudha t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb diferenc\u00ebn midis marrjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb promovimi ose ngecjes n\u00eb karrier\u00eb, aq m\u00eb t\u00eb pafavorizuara jan\u00eb grat\u00eb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ky disavantazh krijon rreth vicioz. Imagjinoni nj\u00eb familje ku dy partner\u00eb, burri dhe gruaja, kan\u00eb pun\u00eb me k\u00ebrkesa t\u00eb ngjashme. N\u00ebse nj\u00ebri prej tyre duhet t\u00eb marr\u00eb prioritet kur gjyshi shkon n\u00eb spital ose kujdestarja e f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00ebmuret, ka gjasa q\u00eb karriera e burrit t\u00eb favorizohet. N\u00ebse praktikat e pagave t\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsve\/eve q\u00eb kan\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar grat\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb kan\u00eb krijuar tashm\u00eb nj\u00eb hendek n\u00eb paga p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7ift, kjo mund t\u00eb shihet si nj\u00eb zgjedhje \u201cracionale\u201d p\u00ebr t\u00eb prioritetizuar karrier\u00ebn e burrit. Kjo rivendos\u00eb pritshm\u00ebrin\u00eb se gjithmon\u00eb ka kuptim q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb marrin p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e pun\u00ebve sht\u00ebpiake, duke thelluar edhe m\u00eb tej hendekun gjinor n\u00eb paga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Profesionet e dominuara nga grat\u00eb paguhen m\u00eb pak, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e lidhur me fenomenin \u201cpula apo dhe veza\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shum\u00eb gra zgjedhin t\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb industri me paga t\u00eb ul\u00ebta ku ato dominojn\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, kujdestaret sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore mobile jan\u00eb kryesisht gra. Megjithat\u00eb, hulumtimet sugjerojn\u00eb se k\u00ebto zgjedhje jan\u00eb shpesh t\u00eb arsyetuara, duke marr\u00eb parasysh kufizimet ekzistuese. Kjo ndodh sepse edhe n\u00ebse p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb sfidojn\u00eb normat gjinore dhe t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb profesione t\u00eb dominuara nga burrat, ato zakonisht nuk p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rritje dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse t\u00eb pag\u00ebs. P\u00ebrjashtimet ekzistojn\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb sektorin publik ose n\u00eb vende pune me sindikata t\u00eb forta (Anderson, Hegewisch dhe Hayes 2015). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Megjithat\u00eb, studimet tregojn\u00eb se n\u00ebse grat\u00eb q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb profesione t\u00eb dominuara nga grat\u00eb do t\u00eb kalonin n\u00eb profesione t\u00eb dominuara nga burrat, ato shpesh do t\u00eb p\u00ebrballeshin me paga t\u00eb ngjashme ose madje m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta n\u00eb krahasim me ato q\u00eb fitonin n\u00eb profesionet e m\u00ebparshme (Pitts 2002). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, shum\u00eb gra q\u00eb zgjedhin profesione tradicionale t\u00eb lidhura me grat\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb po maksimizojn\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurat e tyre. Ky trend vlen p\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e grave, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 atyre me arsim m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb profesion t\u00eb dominuar nga burrat sesa n\u00eb nj\u00eb profesion tradicionalisht t\u00eb lidhur me grat\u00eb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gjithashtu, hulumtimet tregojn\u00eb se n\u00ebse nj\u00eb profesion i dominuar nga burrat do t\u00eb b\u00ebhej m\u00eb i leverdish\u00ebm p\u00ebr grat\u00eb, ato do t\u00eb orientoheshin drejt atij profesioni (Pitts 2002). Pra, zgjedhjet e karrier\u00ebs nuk jan\u00eb thjesht rezultat i preferencave personale, por ndikohen nga kufizimet gjinore dhe m\u00ebnyrat e p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb pagave n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha profesionet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb situat\u00ebn edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb, kur grat\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb profesion gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb, paga mesatare n\u00eb at\u00eb fush\u00eb ka tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb bjer\u00eb n\u00eb raport me profesionet e tjera. Levanon, England dhe Allison (2009) zbuluan se kur m\u00eb shum\u00eb gra hynin n\u00eb nj\u00eb industri, paga relative e asaj industrie pas dhjet\u00eb vitesh ishte m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt. Ky fenomen tregon p\u00ebr nj\u00eb proces zhvler\u00ebsimi \u2014 ku p\u00ebrqindja e grave n\u00eb nj\u00eb profesion ndikon n\u00eb nivelin e pag\u00ebs p\u00ebr at\u00eb industri, pasi puna e kryer nga grat\u00eb n\u00ebnvler\u00ebsohet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Programimi kompjuterik \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull ku ka pasur nj\u00eb ndryshim t\u00eb till\u00eb. I par\u00eb si nj\u00eb profesion i p\u00ebrzier, fillimisht shpesh i lidhur me pun\u00eb sekretaresh, tani \u00ebsht\u00eb shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb profesion fitimprur\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb dominuar nga burrat (Miller 2016; Oldenziel 1999). Megjith\u00ebse programimi kompjuterik \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb i nd\u00ebrlikuar teknikisht n\u00eb dekadat e fundit, nuk ekziston ndonj\u00eb arsye e bazuar n\u00eb aft\u00ebsi q\u00eb justifikon pse kjo fush\u00eb duhej t\u00eb dominohej nga burrat. Kur burrat pushtuan k\u00ebt\u00eb profesion, pagat u rrit\u00ebn. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, kur grat\u00eb u b\u00ebn\u00eb roje t\u00eb parqeve, pagat n\u00eb at\u00eb profesion ran\u00eb (Miller 2016). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, shum\u00eb profesione ku pagat p\u00ebrcaktohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb padrejt\u00eb nga tregu, por q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme sociale kur kryhen me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, dominohen nga grat\u00eb. Shembujt kryesor\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb punonj\u00ebsit\/et e kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor q\u00eb kujdesen p\u00ebr t\u00eb moshuarit, m\u00ebsuesit\/et dhe edukator\u00ebt\/et e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve. N\u00ebse mbyllja e hendekut gjinor n\u00eb paga do t\u00eb ndihmonte n\u00eb rritjen e pagave dhe profesionalizmit n\u00eb k\u00ebto sektor\u00eb thelb\u00ebsor\u00eb, kjo do t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte nj\u00eb fitore t\u00eb madhe si p\u00ebr ekonomin\u00eb, ashtu edhe p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebrfundim<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hendeku gjinor n\u00eb paga ekziston\u2014dhe d\u00ebmton grat\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fushat. Shpeshher\u00eb supozohet se ky hendek nuk p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb form\u00eb diskriminimi, por \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb devijim statistikor q\u00eb vjen nga d\u00ebshtimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb parasysh faktor\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb ndryshimet e t\u00eb ardhurave mes burrave dhe grave. Megjithat\u00eb, k\u00ebta faktor\u00eb\u2014ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht dallimet profesionale mes burrave dhe grave\u2014jan\u00eb vet\u00eb produkt i paragjykimeve gjinore. P\u00ebrpjekjet serioze p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar hendekun gjinor n\u00eb paga nuk duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohen n\u00eb faj\u00ebsimin e grave p\u00ebr faktin se nuk fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. P\u00ebrkundrazi, ato duhet t\u00eb shqyrtojn\u00eb se ku ekonomia jon\u00eb ofron mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb pabarabarta p\u00ebr grat\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do faz\u00eb t\u00eb arsimit, trajnimit dhe zgjedhjeve t\u00eb karrier\u00ebs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jessica Schieder dhe Elise Gould<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebrktheu: Riola Morina<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raportin origjinal mund ta gjeni k\u00ebtu<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00ebrkthimi i k\u00ebtij artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur nga Ambasada Holandeze p\u00ebrmes projektit \u201cFuqizimi i Grave n\u00eb Treg t\u00eb Pun\u00ebs\u201d, i cili zbatohet nga Qendra Kosovare p\u00ebr Studime Gjinore dhe QIKA.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":10573,"template":"","class_list":["post-10570","lexo-post","type-lexo-post","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u201cPuna e Grave\u201d dhe Hendeku Gjinor i Pagave - QIKA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/qika.org\/lexo-post\/puna-e-grave-dhe-hendeku-gjinor-i-pagave\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cPuna e Grave\u201d dhe Hendeku Gjinor i Pagave - QIKA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"P\u00ebrmbledhje \u00c7far\u00eb gjen ky raport: Grat\u00eb paguhen 79 cent p\u00ebr \u00e7do 1 dollar q\u00eb paguhen burrat\u2014pavar\u00ebsisht faktit se gjat\u00eb dekadave t\u00eb fundit miliona gra m\u00eb shum\u00eb i jan\u00eb bashkuar fuqis\u00eb pun\u00ebtore dhe kan\u00eb rritur arritjet e tyre arsimore. 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