Q\u00eb nga themelimi i Republik\u00ebs Popullore t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs n\u00eb vitin 1949, trupat e grave kan\u00eb qen\u00eb n\u00ebn kontrollin e shtetit. N\u00eb vitet 1950, puna kontrollohej nga shteti dhe organizohej n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb ciklit menstrual t\u00eb grave. M\u00eb pas, p\u00ebr dekada me radh\u00eb, u zbatua politika e t\u00eb pasurit vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb vendit, kjo politik\u00eb u zbatua me nj\u00eb ashp\u00ebrsi brutale. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 gjobave p\u00ebr lindjen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, grat\u00eb detyroheshin t\u00eb kryenin aborte dhe t\u2019i n\u00ebnshtroheshin sterilizimit t\u00eb detyruar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tani, grat\u00eb n\u00eb Kin\u00eb po p\u00ebrballen me forma t\u00eb reja presioni nga qeveria, derisa vendi p\u00ebrballet me nj\u00eb sfid\u00eb t\u00eb re, r\u00ebnien e natalitetit. Grat\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00ebn presion q\u00eb t\u2019i kushtojn\u00eb trupat e tyre lindjes s\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve, kurse qeveria p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb nxis\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb shtatz\u00ebni. Gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb, grat\u00eb po kund\u00ebrshtojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb presion n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn nuk ishin t\u00eb mundshme, kurse trash\u00ebgimia e dhimbshme e politik\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije vazhdon t\u00eb jehoj\u00eb dhe t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si perceptohet familja sot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cP\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit e brezit tim, t\u00eb lindur n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1980, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jan\u00eb rritur n\u00eb familje me nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb\u201d, thot\u00eb Guligo Jia, nj\u00eb regjisore 36-vje\u00e7are me baz\u00eb n\u00eb Pekin. \u201cSot, grat\u00eb kineze kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb kontroll mbi trupat e tyre, sepse mund t\u00eb vendosin n\u00ebse duan t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb abort apo t\u00eb ken\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb. Kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb liri.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Politika e “100 dit\u00ebve pa f\u00ebmij\u00eb”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nga viti 1980 deri n\u00eb vitin 2016, shteti ishte i shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr mbipopullimin dhe ua ndalonte shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb \u00e7ifteve t\u00eb kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb. Politika e nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije u braktis nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, por p\u00ebr shum\u00eb gra, plag\u00ebt e asaj kohe vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb mbeten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb qarkun Shen, nj\u00eb qytet i vog\u00ebl dhe i varf\u00ebr n\u00eb periferi t\u00eb Liaochengut, n\u00eb provinc\u00ebn Shandong t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs verilindore, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u2019i gjesh ato.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb sheshin qendror t\u00eb Shenit, zonja Li*, tashm\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb 60-at, ngre bluz\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar barkun e saj t\u00eb rrudhosur. N\u00eb vitin 1991, ajo u detyrua t\u2019i n\u00ebnshtrohej lidhjes s\u00eb tubave fallopiane, nj\u00eb procedur\u00eb q\u00eb e p\u00ebrshkruan si \u201cagonizuese\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Li u sterilizua pasi kishte lindur nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb periudhe q\u00eb, sipas ekspert\u00ebve, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb nga tepricat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb politik\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E quajtur \u201c100 dit\u00ebt pa f\u00ebmij\u00eb\u201d, kjo politik\u00eb u zbatua n\u00eb Shen dhe p\u00ebrcaktonte se, nga 1 maji 1991, nuk duhej t\u00eb lindte asnj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb p\u00ebr 100 dit\u00eb. Meq\u00eb viti 1991 ishte viti i dhis\u00eb n\u00eb kalendarin zodiak, banor\u00ebt vendas e quajt\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb \u201ctherja e qengjave\u201d. Ashtu si n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs, grat\u00eb shpesh sterilizoheshin pas lindjes, p\u00ebr t\u2019u siguruar q\u00eb t\u00eb mos mund t\u00eb kishin m\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Shandongu, provinca e dyt\u00eb m\u00eb e populluar e Kin\u00ebs, njihet p\u00ebr zbatimin ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht rigoroz t\u00eb direktivave t\u00eb qeveris\u00eb qendrore. \u201cNjer\u00ebzit n\u00eb Shandong, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht zyrtar\u00ebt, gjithmon\u00eb i marrin m\u00eb seriozisht politikat dhe urdhrat q\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga lart, krahasuar me provincat e tjera\u201d, thot\u00eb Yang Jianli, nj\u00eb aktivist p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e njeriut nga Shandongi, i cili i p\u00ebrshkruan \u201c100 dit\u00ebt pa f\u00ebmij\u00eb\u201d si \u201cnd\u00ebr rastet m\u00eb ekstreme\u201d t\u00eb politik\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije me t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrballur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c100 dit\u00ebt pa f\u00ebmij\u00eb\u201d nuk u zbatuan me sukses 100% t\u00eb rasteve. N\u00eb ver\u00ebn e vitit 1991, Li ishte n\u00eb muajt e fundit t\u00eb shtatz\u00ebnis\u00eb kur zyrtar\u00ebt lokal\u00eb e mor\u00ebn me forc\u00eb, s\u00eb bashku me gra t\u00eb tjera nga fshati i saj, dhe i hip\u00ebn n\u00eb kamion\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019i d\u00ebrguar n\u00eb spitalin lokal, ku do t\u2019u kryheshin aborte t\u00eb detyruara. Nj\u00eb mjek duhej ta priste n\u00eb or\u00ebn 14:00 p\u00ebr t\u2019i nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb shtatz\u00ebnin\u00eb, por asaj i filluan lindjet m\u00eb her\u00ebt dhe ajo solli n\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb djal\u00eb n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e kaldaj\u00ebs s\u00eb spitalit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cU p\u00ebrpoq\u00ebn t\u2019i ndalonin njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb lindnin, por pasi foshnja kishte lindur, nuk shkonin deri aty sa ta vrisnin\u201d, tha Li. Ajo u urdh\u00ebrua t\u00eb paguante nj\u00eb gjob\u00eb prej 6,500 juan\u00ebsh, nj\u00eb shum\u00eb e barasvlershme me t\u00eb ardhurat e nj\u00eb fermeri p\u00ebr disa vite, dhe t\u2019i n\u00ebnshtrohej sterilizimit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Por djali i saj mbijetoi. Li kujton se p\u00ebrreth saj, foshnjat po vdisnin. \u201cFoshnjat q\u00eb lindnin si pasoj\u00eb e induktimeve t\u00eb detyruara kishin vdekur t\u00eb gjitha. Kishte shum\u00eb prej tyre; digjeshin dhe hidheshin n\u00eb mbeturina\u201d, tha ajo. \u201cAto gra qanin t\u00eb gjitha.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nj\u00eb grua tjet\u00ebr nga Sheni, tashm\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb 70-at, tha se n\u00eb vitin 1991 ishte vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb muaj larg lindjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb djali, kur iu dha nj\u00eb injeksion p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxitur lindjen, i cili shkaktoi vdekjen e fetusit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cN\u00ebse refuzoje injeksionin, ta shembnin sht\u00ebpin\u00eb, hynin me forc\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb t\u00ebnde p\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00eb arrestuar dhe t\u00eb ndalonin t\u00eb shkoje n\u00eb pun\u00eb\u201d, tha ajo. \u201cShum\u00eb gra u t\u00ebrhoq\u00ebn zvarr\u00eb.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Megjith\u00ebse censura zyrtare ka kufizuar p\u00ebrhapjen e informacionit mbi dhun\u00ebn e ushtruar gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre 100 dit\u00ebve, n\u00eb nivel lokal, kjo periudh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb fam\u00ebkeqe. Zyrtari lokal p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr zbatimin e k\u00ebsaj politike njihej si \u201cther\u00ebsi i qengjave\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qeveria lokale e Shandongut nuk iu p\u00ebrgjigj k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs p\u00ebr koment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Ne i d\u00ebshtuam grat\u00eb e Kin\u00ebs”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb vitin 2013, Zhang Erli, nj\u00eb zyrtar n\u00eb pension i Komisionit Komb\u00ebtar p\u00ebr Planifikimin Familjar, tha se politika e nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije kishte shkuar shum\u00eb larg. \u201cKur e shohim n\u00eb retrospektiv\u00eb, mendoj se v\u00ebrtet i kemi zhg\u00ebnjyer grat\u00eb e Kin\u00ebs; t\u00eb jem i sinqert\u00eb, ndiej nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb faji\u201d, tha ai n\u00eb nj\u00eb dokumentar t\u00eb transmetuar n\u00eb televizionin shtet\u00ebror kinez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cGrat\u00eb kineze b\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb sakrific\u00eb t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme. Si nj\u00eb qeveri e p\u00ebrgjegjshme, ne duhet t\u2019ua shp\u00ebrblejm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sakrific\u00eb, apo jo?\u201d Programi u hoq m\u00eb von\u00eb nga platformat publike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nuk ka vler\u00ebsime t\u00eb besueshme se sa gra u prek\u00ebn nga politika e \u201c100 dit\u00ebve\u201d. Por analiza e Yi Fuxian, shkenc\u00ebtar i lart\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Wisconsin-Madison dhe kritik i z\u00ebsh\u00ebm i politik\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije, i cili monitoron t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat demografike t\u00eb Kin\u00ebs, tregon se n\u00eb Shen dhe Guan, nj\u00eb qark fqinj ku gjithashtu raportohet se u zbatua \u201cpolitika e 100 dit\u00ebve pa f\u00ebmij\u00eb\u201d, numri i lindjeve at\u00eb vit duket se ishte drastikisht m\u00eb i ul\u00ebt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tani Kina po p\u00ebrballet me problemin e kund\u00ebrt: nataliteti i saj po bie ndjesh\u00ebm. Vitin e kaluar, shkalla e lindjeve ra n\u00eb 5.63 lindje p\u00ebr 1,000 banor\u00eb, niveli m\u00eb i ul\u00ebt i regjistruar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n P\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e grave n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn riprodhuese sot, traumat e brezit t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm nuk luajn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm n\u00eb vendimet p\u00ebr planifikimin familjar. Megjithat\u00eb, hulumtimet sugjerojn\u00eb se dekadat e politik\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije kan\u00eb riform\u00ebsuar thell\u00ebsisht pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb e njer\u00ebzve p\u00ebr familjen, duke ulur d\u00ebshir\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur familje m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Nj\u00eb studim i publikuar vitin e kaluar zbuloi se, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb brez t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb njer\u00ebzish, rritja si f\u00ebmij\u00eb i vet\u00ebm \u201c\u00e7oi n\u00eb nj\u00eb ulje t\u00eb ndjeshme t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb ideale t\u00eb familjes\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kostoja dhe konkurrueshm\u00ebria e rritjes s\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve n\u00eb Kin\u00ebn e sotme jan\u00eb pengesat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, pavar\u00ebsisht subvencioneve dhe leht\u00ebsimeve tatimore q\u00eb ofron qeveria p\u00ebr familjet q\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Wang Yixuan, nj\u00eb 26-vje\u00e7are q\u00eb praktikon mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb tradicionale kineze, thot\u00eb se \u201cnjer\u00ebzit tani nuk e kan\u00eb m\u00eb aq shum\u00eb merak\u201d t\u00eb ken\u00eb familje m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. \u201cNuk kam ndonj\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb kem f\u00ebmij\u00eb\u201d, thot\u00eb ajo. \u201cFillimisht duhet t\u00eb jem e pavarur financiarisht.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Jia, regjisorja q\u00eb ka realizuar nj\u00eb dokumentar p\u00ebr grat\u00eb q\u00eb po u drejtohen t\u00eb dashurve t\u00eb krijuar me inteligjenc\u00eb artificiale, thot\u00eb se \u201cGrat\u00eb nuk ndihen m\u00eb t\u00eb detyruara t\u00eb ken\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr studim i koh\u00ebve t\u00eb fundit zbuloi se gati 50% e grave t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs 18 deri n\u00eb 24 vje\u00e7 than\u00eb se nuk duan f\u00ebmij\u00eb, krahasuar me 6% n\u00eb vitin 2012. Edhe p\u00ebrqindja e burrave q\u00eb nuk duan f\u00ebmij\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur, por vet\u00ebm n\u00eb gati 20%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cN\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn, njer\u00ebzit gjobiteshin n\u00ebse kishin f\u00ebmij\u00eb t\u00eb dyt\u00eb\u201d, thot\u00eb Chen Ying, nj\u00eb 40-vje\u00e7are q\u00eb punon n\u00eb nj\u00eb restorant n\u00eb Shen. Sot, njer\u00ebzit \u201cthjesht nuk kan\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u2019i p\u00ebrballojn\u00eb shpenzimet\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yun Zhou, demografe sociale n\u00eb Universitetin e Mi\u00e7iganit, thot\u00eb se politika e nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije krijoi \u201cnj\u00eb ndjesi t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme se t\u00eb drejtat riprodhuese nuk kan\u00eb qen\u00eb kurr\u00eb di\u00e7ka e patjet\u00ebrsueshme\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dhe pasojat e asaj periudhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme n\u00eb kuptimin m\u00eb konkret, n\u00eb k\u00ebndet e loj\u00ebrave n\u00eb mbar\u00eb vendin. N\u00eb Shen, Li po luan me nipin e saj 2 vje\u00e7ar, nj\u00eb nga foshnjat e reja q\u00eb Kina ka aq shum\u00eb nevoj\u00eb. Babai i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb djali me fat q\u00eb mbijetoi n\u00eb vitin 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n