Lise Eliot shkruan se studimet q\u00eb kan\u00eb pasur q\u00ebllim t\u00eb analizojn\u00eb dallime mes trurit t\u00eb grave dhe t\u00eb burrave jan\u00eb d\u00ebshmi p\u00ebr praktika t\u00eb gabuara k\u00ebrkimore. Disa studime t\u00eb reja nga neuroshkenca po hedhin posht\u00eb mitin e “trurit fem\u00ebror”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dallimet e trurit n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb identitetit gjinor: Neuroshkenca e re q\u00eb shkat\u00ebrron mitin e \u201ctrurit fem\u00ebror\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb librin e saj \u201cThe Gendered Brain\u201d, nuroshkenc\u00ebtarja kognitive Gina Rippon p\u00ebrshkruan nj\u00eb studim q\u00eb pretendon q\u00eb \u201cm\u00eb n\u00eb fund\u201d ka p\u00ebrshkruar dallimet n\u00eb mes t\u00eb trurit t\u00eb burrave dhe grave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ishte nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb e rezonanc\u00ebs magnetike (MRI) e 21 burrave dhe 27 grave nga studiuesit n\u00eb Universitetin e Kalifornis\u00eb, Irvine (R. J. Haier et al. NeuroImage 25, 320\u2013327; 2005<\/em>). Studim i par\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme, megjithat\u00eb pati mjaft publicitet, nga gazetat, blogjet deri n\u00eb televizion, libra dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht tek m\u00ebsuesit dhe konferencat e korporatave p\u00ebr lidership.<\/p>\n\n\n\n U zgjova nj\u00eb m\u00ebngjes t\u00eb vitit 2010 p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb se sa keq ekzagjeronin k\u00ebt\u00eb studim n\u00eb Early Show, nj\u00eb program i rrjetit televiziv amerikan. Prezantuesi, Harry Smith, nuk u p\u00ebrmbajt kur korrespondentja mjek\u00ebsore Jennifer Ashton deklaroi se burrat kan\u00eb “gjasht\u00eb her\u00eb e gjysm\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb materie gri” sesa grat\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa grat\u00eb kan\u00eb “dhjet\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb materie t\u00eb bardh\u00eb” sesa burrat. M\u00eb pas filluan diskutime thumbuese p\u00ebr talentin e burrave n\u00eb matematik\u00eb dhe aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e grave p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer shum\u00eb detyra n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Nuk u diskutua se n\u00ebse k\u00ebto dallime do t\u00eb q\u00ebndronin n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, grat\u00eb do t\u00eb duheshin t\u00eb kishin kok\u00ebn 50% m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Nuk u diskutua as q\u00eb ekipi i Irvine nuk krahasonte madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e kokave, por hetonte korrelacionin mes IQ dhe materies gri ose t\u00eb bardh\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neuroseksizmi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hulumtimet e panum\u00ebrta lidhur me dallimet gjinore t\u00eb trurit jan\u00eb plot\u00eb me keqinterpretime, paragjykime n\u00eb botime, statistika t\u00eb dob\u00ebta dhe kontroll\u00eb joadekuate. N\u00eb librin e saj ambicioz, Rippon ngreh z\u00ebrin kund\u00ebr neuroshkenc\u00ebs q\u00eb analizon gabimisht dallimet n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb seksit dhe ofron shum\u00eb shembuj. Nj\u00ebri nga studimet e p\u00ebrmendura nga Rippon pretendon q\u00eb \u201cM\u00eb n\u00eb fund, e kemi zbuluar t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn\u201d. Studiues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb kan\u00eb ekspozuar ekzagjerimet fatale t\u00eb k\u00ebtij studimi dhe zhduk\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb pretendim. Mir\u00ebpo nuk kalon shum\u00eb koh\u00eb deri sa t\u00eb del studimi tjet\u00ebr me pretendime t\u00eb ekzagjeruara dhe vazhdon t\u00eb citohet deri sa t\u00eb del analiza tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb e hedh\u00eb posht\u00eb. Ky cik\u00ebl p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet vazhdimisht. Disa studiues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb ekspozojn\u00eb ekzagjerimet fatale dhe m\u00eb n\u00eb fund pretendimi i kund\u00ebrt zhduket, deri n\u00eb analiz\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb hedh\u00eb posht\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pretendim dhe m\u00eb pas fillon cikli nga fillimi. Si\u00e7 tregon Rippon, k\u00ebto hulumtime p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur dallimet n\u00eb tru n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb seksit \u201cjan\u00eb shtyr\u00eb me forc\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebto vite me t\u00eb gjitha teknikat q\u00eb shkenca mund t\u00eb ofronte\u201d, dhe ka shp\u00ebrthyer n\u00eb tri dekadat e fundit, q\u00ebkur studimet e MRI i ishin bashkuar k\u00ebtij diskutimi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Megjithat\u00eb, libri i Rippon zbulon se k\u00ebto studime nuk kan\u00eb arritur t\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb rezultate konkrete. P\u00ebrtej \u201cmunges\u00ebs s\u00eb pes\u00eb gramve\u201d n\u00eb trurin e grave, zbulim q\u00eb b\u00ebri buj\u00eb q\u00eb nga shekulli 19-t\u00eb, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt bashk\u00ebkohor\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb identifikuar ndonj\u00eb dallim vendimtar e p\u00ebrcaktues q\u00eb kategorizon dallimet e trurit n\u00eb baza gjinore. Nj\u00eb studim i vog\u00ebl i b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1995 nga Nature, <\/em>proklamoi se n\u00eb trurin e grave, procesimi i gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb hemisfer\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb si tek burrat, (B. A. Shaywitz et al<\/em>. Nature<\/em> 373, 607\u2013609; 1995)<\/a>. Nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb meta-analiz\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe e b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 2008-t\u00eb, demantoi k\u00ebt\u00eb teori (I. E. Sommer et al<\/em>. Brain Res.<\/em> 1206, 76\u201388; 2008<\/a>). Madh\u00ebsia e trurit rritet proporcionalisht me madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e trupit, sikurse materia gri dhe e bardh\u00eb rritet proporcionalisht me zonat me prerje t\u00eb t\u00ebrthort\u00eb. Por k\u00ebto jan\u00eb dallime t\u00eb vogla dhe jo madhore. Rippon thekson se k\u00ebto dallime zhduken kur krahasojm\u00eb grat\u00eb me madh\u00ebsi t\u00eb kok\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe me burrat me kok\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht nuk kan\u00eb ndonj\u00eb korrelacion direkt me aktivitetet e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb lir\u00eb apo pag\u00ebn e burrave dhe grave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Historia e paragjykimeve<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Mesazhi kryesor i Rippon \u00ebsht\u00eb se \u201cnj\u00eb bot\u00eb e ndar\u00eb n\u00eb baza gjinore, prodhon nj\u00eb tru t\u00eb till\u00eb\u201d. Libri i saj, s\u00eb bashku me librat \u201cInferior\u201d t\u00eb Angela Saini\u2019s, dhe \u201cDelusions of Gender\u201d t\u00eb Cordelia Fine\u2019s kan\u00eb p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim rr\u00ebnjosjen e \u201cneuroseksizmit\u201d q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb prezent n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e p\u00ebrpjekjeve p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar dallimet n\u00eb tru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Historia e studimeve t\u00eb kaluara \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft interesante p\u00ebr tu lexuar, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishte gjith\u00e7ka e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Historia q\u00eb Rippon ofron n\u00eb librin e saj fillon m\u00eb nj\u00eb citim t\u00eb vitit 1985 nga psikologu social Gustave Le Bon, i cili p\u00ebrdori cefalometrin e tij portativ (nj\u00eb instrument p\u00ebr matjen e kok\u00ebs) p\u00ebr t\u00eb deklaruar se grat\u00eb “p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb format m\u00eb inferiore t\u00eb evolucionit njer\u00ebzor”. Libri p\u00ebrfundon n\u00eb vitin 2017, me inxhinierin e Google, James Damore, i cili thot\u00eb se ka \u201carsyeje biologjike\u201d, q\u00eb spjegojn\u00eb munges\u00ebn e grave n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e teknologjis\u00eb dhe n\u00eb pozita vendimmarr\u00ebse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Si\u00e7 tregon Rippon, k\u00ebrkimet p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetuar inferioritetin e grave, koh\u00ebve t\u00eb fundit jan\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb anash n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb provave p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetuar \u201cnd\u00ebrvar\u00ebsin\u00eb\u201d burr\u00eb – grua. Pra, k\u00ebto hulumtime t\u00eb reja pretendojn\u00eb t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb se grat\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb m\u00eb pak inteligjente se burrat, thjesht jan\u00eb \u2018ndryshe\u2019, n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrkojn\u00eb me m\u00ebsimet biblike dhe status quo-t\u00eb e roleve gjinore. K\u00ebto studime pretendojn\u00eb se truri i grave \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i ndjesh\u00ebm dhe intuitiv, nd\u00ebrsa truri i burrave supozohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb racional dhe i arsyesh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb vitin 2014 studiuesit n\u00eb Universitetin e Pensilvanis\u00eb n\u00eb Filadelfia kryen nj\u00eb hulumtim duke p\u00ebrdorur MRI. Studimi ushqeu imagjinat\u00ebn e publikut me pamje t\u00eb trurit t\u00eb burrave dhe grave, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt paraqiteshin si harta metroje diametralisht t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta: lidhjet n\u00eb trurin e grave jan\u00eb kryesisht midis hemisferave dhe n\u00eb trurin e burrave brenda tyre (M. Ingalhalikar et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 823\u2013828; 2014<\/em>). Sidoqoft\u00eb, studimi i la anash dhe nuk i paraqiti ngjashm\u00ebrit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha mes trureve, si dhe nuk ka marr\u00eb parasysh\u00eb mosh\u00ebn e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve dhe as madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e trurit n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e respodent\u00ebve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Shtigjet kulturore<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pra, n\u00ebse jo p\u00ebrmes trurit, at\u00ebher\u00eb si i shpjegojm\u00eb ndryshimet e m\u00ebdha n\u00eb sjellje dhe interesa mes burrave dhe grave? Lidhur me k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb, Rippon flet p\u00ebr ndikimin e nj\u00eb bote t\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb baza gjinore n\u00eb trurin e njeriut. Ajo e nd\u00ebrton q\u00ebndrimin e saj n\u00eb kat\u00ebr pjes\u00eb, nga historia e neveritshme e hulumtimeve n\u00eb dallimet n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb seksit p\u00ebrmes metodave moderne t\u00eb imazhit t\u00eb trurit, shfaqja e neuroshkenc\u00ebs sociale-kognitive dhe provat e dob\u00ebta p\u00ebr dallimet n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb seksit n\u00eb trurin e foshnjeve t\u00eb sapolindura. Rippon tregon sesi “sfungjer\u00ebt cerebral\u00eb” t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve dallojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb kulturave t\u00eb r\u00ebnda ku ndajn\u00eb ngjyrat roz\u00eb kundrejt asaj t\u00eb kalt\u00ebr, t\u00eb cilat mveshen q\u00eb nga momenti kur zbulohet seksi i foshnjeve, madje edhe para lindjes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pjesa e kat\u00ebrt na sjell\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin e nj\u00ebzet e nj\u00eb, megjith\u00ebse jo q\u00eb ka nj\u00eb fund t\u00eb lumtur. P\u00ebrqendrohet tek grat\u00eb n\u00eb shkenc\u00eb dhe teknologji dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si bota e ndar\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00eb gjinore, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe profesionalizimin e shkenc\u00ebs dhe stereotipin mashkullor t\u00eb “shk\u00eblqyeshm\u00ebris\u00eb”, ka penguar hyrjen dhe p\u00ebrparimin e grave n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb. Grat\u00eb e talentuara vler\u00ebsohen si “fuqi pun\u00ebtore”, nd\u00ebrsa burrat si “gjeni”, nj\u00eb dallim q\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e p\u00ebrbrend\u00ebsojn\u00eb para mosh\u00ebs gjasht\u00eb vje\u00e7, sipas hulumtimit nga Lin Bian, Sarah-Jane Leslie dhe Andrei Cimpian (L. Bian et al. Am. Psychol. 73, 1139\u20131153; 2018<\/em>). T\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta faktor\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb ciklin e zhvillimit t\u00eb trurit, nga pritshm\u00ebrit\u00eb e ndryshme, vet\u00ebbesimit dhe nd\u00ebrmarrjes s\u00eb rrezikut q\u00eb i shtyn djemt\u00eb dhe vajzat n\u00eb trajektore t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb karrier\u00ebs dhe suksesit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ndryshimi i mendjeve<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pjesa e fundit e k\u00ebtij artikulli shpjegon n\u00ebntitullin e librit t\u00eb Rippon \u2018Neuroshkenca e re q\u00eb shkat\u00ebrron mitin mbi trurin fem\u00ebror\u2019. Nj\u00eb v\u00ebllim q\u00eb demanton dallimet e trurit mes grave dhe burrave, pse t\u00eb fokusohet vet\u00ebn n\u00eb gra? N\u00eb fillim, mendova se ishte goditje ndaj \u201cThe Female Brain\u201d 2006 t\u00eb Louann Brizendine, i zhytur n\u00eb k\u00ebto faqe (R. M. Young dhe E. Balaban Nature 443, 634; 2006<\/em>). Ose mbase \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim termin \u2018truri fem\u00ebror\u2019 si nj\u00eb variant i \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm i s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs, sikurse p\u00ebrdorim termet nj\u00eb \u2018fizikane grua\u2019 ose \u2018kirurge grua\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cilido qoft\u00eb n\u00ebntitulli, libri p\u00ebrmbush q\u00ebllimin e tij p\u00ebr ta hedhur posht\u00eb konceptin e ndarjes s\u00eb trurit n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb identitetit gjinor. Truri, ashtu si organet tjera si m\u00ebl\u00e7ia, veshkat ose zemra, nuk ka ndonj\u00eb dallim gjinor. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb librit t\u00eb saj, Rippon flirton me implikimet e k\u00ebtij zbulimi p\u00ebr numrin n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb kalojn\u00eb ose jetojn\u00eb mes kategorive aktuale t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb, p\u00ebrtej binares grua-burr\u00eb. Por tani p\u00ebr tani, p\u00ebrfundon ajo, shumica prej nesh mbetemi t\u00eb mb\u00ebrthyer n\u00eb “paracaktimet shoq\u00ebrore” q\u00eb paraqesin trurin si dicka q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb fem\u00ebrore apo mashkullore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n