Claudia Goldin, e cila ket\u00eb vit fitoi \u00e7mimin Nobel n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e ekonomis\u00eb, ka dokumentuar udh\u00ebtimin e grave amerikane nga t\u00eb punuarit p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes financiare deri te zhvillimi n\u00eb karrier\u00eb si nj\u00eb aspekt themelor i identitetit dhe p\u00ebrmbushjes s\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ajo e ka p\u00ebrshkruar ndryshimin e roleve t\u00eb grave n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebshekullin e fundit si “nd\u00ebr p\u00ebrparimet m\u00eb madh\u00ebshtore n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri dhe ekonomi”. Ajo ka treguar se si grat\u00eb kan\u00eb tejkaluar burrat n\u00eb arsim, jan\u00eb bashkuar n\u00eb fuqin\u00eb pun\u00ebtore dhe kan\u00eb gjetur kuptim n\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Megjithat\u00eb, hulumtimi i saj tregon se grat\u00eb ende mbeten prapa burrave n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme – n\u00eb pag\u00ebn e tyre, pjes\u00ebmarrjen e tyre n\u00eb fuqin\u00eb pun\u00ebtore dhe nx\u00ebnien e pozitave t\u00eb larta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Megjithat\u00eb sipas hulumtimit t\u00eb Goldin, fajin p\u00ebr ket\u00eb nuk e kan\u00eb grat\u00eb. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si tregu \u00ebsht\u00eb i strukturuar. Vendet e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb shp\u00ebrblejn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb disproporcionale oraret e gjata. Hendeqet m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme gjinore do t\u00eb zvog\u00ebloheshin, ka argumentuar ajo, n\u00ebse punonj\u00ebsit do t\u00eb kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb kontroll se ku dhe kur kryejn\u00eb pun\u00ebt e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rishkrimi i historis\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pun\u00ebs s\u00eb grave nuk iu dha merita e plot\u00eb n\u00eb burimet historike, vuri n\u00eb dukje komiteti Nobel dhe Goldin p\u00ebrdori t\u00eb dh\u00ebna historike p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrshkruar at\u00eb. Hulumtimi i saj analizon grupe grash t\u00eb lindura n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar modele t\u00eb ndryshueshme dhe forcat shoq\u00ebrore q\u00eb i ndikuan ato.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Grat\u00eb \u201ce krijuan ekonomin\u00eb moderne t\u00eb pun\u00ebs\u201d, ka shkruar profesoresha Goldin, e cila ligj\u00ebron n\u00eb Harvard, sepse ekonomist\u00ebt studiojn\u00eb variacionet n\u00eb sjellje. \u201cGrat\u00eb siguruan nj\u00eb boll\u00ebk t\u00eb sjelljeve. Burrat, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nuk ishin aq interesant\u00eb pasi pjes\u00ebmarrja dhe or\u00ebt e tyre kishin pak variacione”, shkroi ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat publike n\u00eb vitet 1800, profesioni i grave t\u00eb martuara shpesh caktohej si “grua”. Ajo zbuloi burime t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar se n\u00eb fakt, ato shpesh punonin n\u00eb bujq\u00ebsi dhe biznese t\u00eb tjera familjare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Megjithat\u00eb, industrializimi i uli gjasat q\u00eb grat\u00eb e martuara t\u00eb punonin (edhe pse grat\u00eb e pamartuara zakonisht punonin n\u00eb fabrika.) Ajo parashtroi se, ndryshe nga bujq\u00ebsia, puna e prodhimit ishte m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t’u b\u00ebr\u00eb nga sht\u00ebpia, duke parashikuar v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb dalin nga tentimi p\u00ebr balancim t\u00eb pun\u00ebs dhe jet\u00ebs familjare me t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrballen n\u00ebnat sot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 20-t\u00eb, ndryshimet shoq\u00ebrore b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb mundur q\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb gra t\u00eb qasen n\u00eb tregun e pun\u00ebs. K\u00ebto nd\u00ebrrime p\u00ebrfshinin rritjen e normave t\u00eb diplomimit n\u00eb shkollat e mesme, p\u00ebrparimet teknologjike q\u00eb e ul\u00ebn k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb dhe rritjen e vendeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs n\u00eb zyr\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Revolucioni i heshtur<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nj\u00eb ndryshim i madh ndodhi n\u00eb vitin 1970, fillimi i asaj q\u00eb profesorja Goldin e quan “revolucioni i heshtur”. Kishte nj\u00eb pik\u00eb kthese t\u00eb mpreht\u00eb n\u00eb gjasat q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb punonin, n\u00eb lidhjen e tyre me karrier\u00ebn e tyre dhe n\u00eb aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb vendime s\u00eb bashku me bashk\u00ebshort\u00ebt e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Por ishte nj\u00eb brez i grave q\u00eb mbeten n\u00eb balt\u00eb – ato q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb reja n\u00eb vitet 1940, pritjet e t\u00eb cilave p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhmen e tyre nuk p\u00ebrputheshin me mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e tanishme. Ato i shihnin n\u00ebnat e tyre n\u00eb rolin e amviseve ose t\u00eb kufizuara n\u00eb pun\u00eb si m\u00ebsuese ose infermiere dhe kryesisht nuk planifikonin karrier\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Ato po q\u00ebndronin para nj\u00eb surprize t\u00eb madhe,” shkroi Goldin. Me hapjen e mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, ato shpesh ndiheshin t\u00eb bllokuara, pa arsim apo trajnim p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfituar prej po k\u00ebtyre mund\u00ebsive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Duke filluar prej atyre t\u00eb lindura n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1940, vajzat filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatiteshin m\u00eb mir\u00eb. \u201cK\u00ebto gra t\u00eb reja filluan t\u00eb perceptojn\u00eb se jet\u00ebt e tyre do t\u00eb ndryshonin thelb\u00ebsisht nga ato t\u00eb brezit t\u00eb n\u00ebnave t\u00eb tyre,\u201d shkroi ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vajzat adoleshente filluan t\u00eb shprehnin aspirata t\u00eb larta p\u00ebr karrier\u00eb. Ato filluan t\u00eb ndiqnin diploma profesionale. Ato filluan t\u00eb shtynin mosh\u00ebn e martes\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb pasurit f\u00ebmij\u00eb. Edhe kur krijuan familje, ato vazhduan t\u00eb punonin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u00eb nj\u00eb dokument t\u00eb botuar dit\u00ebn q\u00eb ajo fitoi Nobelin, t\u00eb titulluar “Pse Grat\u00eb Fituan”, profesorja Goldin vuri n\u00eb dukje se periudha midis 1963 dhe 1973 ishte vendimtare. Kjo periudh\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte miratimin e Aktit t\u00eb Pagave t\u00eb Barabarta, vendimin Roe vs Wade dhe pranimin e grave n\u00eb shum\u00eb shkolla t\u00eb Ivy League.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Grat\u00eb filluan t\u00eb martoheshin m\u00eb von\u00eb, duke mbajtur emrat e tyre t\u00eb lindjes dhe duke u divorcuar m\u00eb shpesh. Kontraceptiv\u00ebt e miratuar n\u00eb vitin 1960 dhe t\u00eb qasshme gjer\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr grat\u00eb beqare rreth vitit 1970, i lejuan ato t\u00eb shtynin lindjen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb fokusoheshin m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb arsimim, tregoi Goldin n\u00eb nj\u00eb punim me Lawrence Katz, nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ekonomist n\u00eb Harvard (n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb edhe bashk\u00ebshorti i saj).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb, profesionet e grave filluan t\u00eb “p\u00ebrcaktonin identitetin themelor dhe vler\u00ebn shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb tyre”, shkroi ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Boshll\u00ebqet e mbetura gjinore<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Sot, ka treguar Goldin, grat\u00eb kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb gjasa t\u00eb punojn\u00eb gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre n\u00eb krahasim me ato t\u00eb gjeneratave t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme. Pavar\u00ebsisht frik\u00ebs n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb pandemis\u00eb se mbyllja e shkollave do t’i detyronte grat\u00eb t\u00eb braktisnin pun\u00ebn dhe t\u00eb fshinin p\u00ebrparimin e b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr dekada t\u00eb t\u00ebra, grat\u00eb kryesisht kan\u00eb vazhduar t\u2019i kthehen pun\u00ebs. Ato po e b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb edhe pas mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb pensionit, shpesh jo p\u00ebr nevoja financiare, por sepse kan\u00eb investuar n\u00eb karrier\u00ebn e tyre dhe ende po i shijojn\u00eb ato investime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Profesorja Goldin, gruaja e par\u00eb solo q\u00eb fitoi Nobelin n\u00eb ekonomi, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej k\u00ebtyre shembujve. Ajo kreu doktoratur\u00ebn n\u00eb vitin 1972 dhe ende punon n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 77 vje\u00e7are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Megjithat\u00eb, ashtu si grat\u00eb q\u00eb ishin f\u00ebmij\u00eb n\u00eb vitet 1940 e n\u00ebnvler\u00ebsuan potencialin e tyre p\u00ebr karrier\u00eb, grupi aktual i grave n\u00eb mosh\u00eb pune ka gjasa q\u00eb e mbivler\u00ebson at\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Karriera dhe pagesa e burrave dhe grave jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta kur fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb punojn\u00eb, por ato ndryshojn\u00eb kur f\u00ebmij\u00ebt vijn\u00eb n\u00eb sken\u00eb. Hulumtimi i saj tregon nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie t\u00eb vog\u00ebl n\u00eb p\u00ebrqindjen e grave q\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb fund t\u00eb 30-tave dhe n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb 40-tave t\u00eb tyre. N\u00ebnat kan\u00eb m\u00eb pak gjasa t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb pun\u00ebn pas f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb par\u00eb, por m\u00eb shum\u00eb gjasa ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, pasi \u201cato p\u00ebrpiqen aq sa munden\u201d t\u00eb mos e b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, ka th\u00ebn\u00eb ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ajo ka shpjeguar se nj\u00eb forc\u00eb shtyt\u00ebse pas pabarazis\u00eb gjinore q\u00eb mbetet n\u00eb fuqin\u00eb pun\u00ebtore amerikane \u00ebsht\u00eb fakti se pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit kan\u00eb filluar t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb disproporcionale m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr orare t\u00eb gjata dhe jo fleksibile. Kushdo q\u00eb zvog\u00eblon orarin p\u00ebr nj\u00ebfar\u00eb kohe, ose q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e gatshme t\u00eb punoj gjat\u00eb fundjavave ose mbr\u00ebmjeve \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb disavantazh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Si rezultat, ka kuptim ekonomik n\u00eb \u00e7iftet me arsim t\u00eb lart\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb prind, zakonisht babai, t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gatishm\u00ebri n\u00eb pun\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebna n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi. Grat\u00eb nuk t\u00ebrhiqen nga puna sepse kan\u00eb burra t\u00eb pasur, shpjegon Goldin. Ato kan\u00eb burra t\u00eb pasur sepse ato detyrohen t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqen nga puna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ajo ka hedhur posht\u00eb men\u00e7urin\u00eb konvencionale se grat\u00eb paguhen m\u00eb pak sepse zgjedhin karriera me pag\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, duke treguar se diferenca e pagave \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe brenda profesioneve q\u00eb paguhen m\u00eb shum\u00eb, si mjek\u00ebsia dhe drejt\u00ebsia. N\u00ebse pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e ngjash\u00ebm n\u00eb produktivitet do t\u00eb paguheshin nj\u00ebsoj n\u00eb baza ore, dallimet n\u00eb pag\u00eb do t\u00eb zhdukeshin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mbyllja e k\u00ebtyre boshll\u00ebqeve t\u00eb mbetura gjinore do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte fleksibilitet se ku dhe kur b\u00ebhet puna, shpjegon hulumtimi i Goldin. Ajo n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn ka th\u00ebn\u00eb se nj\u00eb ndryshim i till\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb rib\u00ebrje thelb\u00ebsore t\u00eb vendit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu “duke demoluar t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sistemin aktual”. Por koh\u00ebt e fundit, ajo ka shprehur shpres\u00ebn se pandemia mund ta ket\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb realitet m\u00eb t\u00eb realizuesh\u00ebm, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn p\u00ebr pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt n\u00ebp\u00ebr zyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Un\u00eb tentoj t\u00eb mendoj se jam optimiste n\u00eb at\u00eb se ky ndryshim \u00a0do t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb disa gj\u00ebra mjaft t\u00eb mira”, tha ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Claire Cain Miller<\/p>\n\n\n\n