Shumica e \u00e7ifteve heteroseksuale n\u00eb SHBA pothuajse gjithmon\u00eb u japin f\u00ebmij\u00ebve mbiemrin e babait. Pse?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rreth nj\u00eb viti para se Christine Mallinson t\u00eb lindte f\u00ebmij\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb par\u00eb, ajo dhe burri i saj ran\u00eb dakord q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre t\u00eb merrnin mbiemrin e saj. \u00c7ifti donte q\u00eb dy f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre t\u00eb ndanin nj\u00eb mbiem\u00ebr me kush\u00ebrir\u00ebn e vetme t\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt n\u00eb mosh\u00eb, e cila ishte mbesa e Mallinson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mallinson e dinte se zgjedhja e tyre nuk ishte e p\u00ebrhapur tek \u00e7iftet heteroseksuale amerikane \u2013 ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb profesoresh\u00eb e sociolinguistik\u00ebs, gjinis\u00eb dhe studimeve mbi grat\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Maryland n\u00eb Baltimore County, dhe shkroi nj\u00eb punim t\u00eb vitit 2017 q\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht, analizon konventat e mbiemrave patrilineal\u00eb (q\u00eb trash\u00ebgohen nga ana e babait).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb vitin 2002, studiuesit zbuluan se rreth 97 p\u00ebrqind e \u00e7ifteve t\u00eb martuara ia dhan\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb par\u00eb vet\u00ebm mbiemrin e babait. Ky raport ka mbetur jasht\u00ebzakonisht konsistent: Nj\u00eb punim i vitit 2017 q\u00eb studionte prind\u00ebrit heteroseksual\u00eb q\u00eb adoptuan f\u00ebmij\u00eb zbuloi se 96 p\u00ebrqind e tyre i vendos\u00ebn f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre mbiem\u00ebr patrilineal\u00eb. Megjith\u00ebse jan\u00eb kryer pak studime mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat sugjerojn\u00eb se pothuajse n\u00eb \u00e7do familje amerikane me nj\u00eb n\u00ebn\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb baba, f\u00ebmij\u00ebt marrin mbiemrin e babait t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mallinson mendon se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mosveprimit. Ajo beson se shum\u00eb \u00e7ifte heteroseksuale nuk e marrin seriozisht diskutimin mbi vendimin se \u00e7far\u00eb mbiemri do marrin f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cUn\u00eb poashtu lirsh\u00ebm supozoj se ato diskutime as q\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb vend n\u00ebp\u00ebr familje. P\u00ebr shum\u00eb partner\u00eb dhe familje \u00ebsht\u00eb proces i zakonsh\u00ebm dhe i pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm\u201d, m\u00eb tha ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Kjo norm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e habitshme kur krahasohet me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb tjera nga shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb patriarkale. P\u00ebrqindja e grave q\u00eb mbajt\u00ebn mbiemrin e tyre pas martes\u00ebs ishte rreth 3 p\u00ebrqind n\u00eb vitin 1975, koh\u00eb kur disa shtete ende k\u00ebrkonin q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb merrnin mbiemrin e burrit t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb votonin. Tre dekada m\u00eb von\u00eb, shifra arriti n\u00eb rreth 20 p\u00ebrqind. Megjithat\u00eb, edhe n\u00eb mesin e \u00e7ifteve heteroseksuale n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat secili partner mban mbiemrin e vet\u00eb, f\u00ebmij\u00ebt ende marrin mbiemrin e babait n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e madhe e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb amerikane thjesht nuk ka arritur t\u00eb konceptoj\u00eb nj\u00eb realitet p\u00ebrtej mbiemrave patrilineal\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Disa studiues argumentojn\u00eb se bartja e mbiemrit t\u00eb babait \u00ebsht\u00eb e gabuar, por statistikat e p\u00ebrgjithshme tregojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kultur\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme patriarkale. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb reflektim i bisedave mes \u00e7ifteve, aq sa \u00ebsht\u00eb produkt i politikave n\u00eb nivelin e n\u00ebpun\u00ebsve. Megjithat\u00eb, disa demografi t\u00eb reja t\u00eb familjeve amerikane i qasen mbiemrave ndryshe. P\u00ebrderisa \u00e7iftet zgjedhin nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb mbiemrash, si psh. mbiemrat me viz\u00eb n\u00eb mes, ata mund t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb edhe normat e vendit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gj\u00ebja e par\u00eb q\u00eb duhet kuptuar n\u00eb lidhje me mbiemrat patrilineal\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren zakonisht n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara \u00ebsht\u00eb se ata nuk jan\u00eb universal\u00eb. N\u00eb shum\u00eb vende ku flitet spanjisht – p\u00ebrfshi Spanj\u00ebn, Kolumbin\u00eb, Porto Rikon dhe Meksik\u00ebn – f\u00ebmij\u00ebt tradicionalisht marrin mbiemrat e t\u00eb dy prind\u00ebrve, duke krijuar nj\u00eb mbiem\u00ebr t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb. Kur dy persona me mbiemra t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb kan\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb, secili prej tyre bartin t\u00eb parin nga dy mbiemrat e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u00ebr shembull, aktorja Salma Hayek u lind si Salma Hayek Jim\u00e9nez; prind\u00ebrit e saj quhen Sami Hayek Dom\u00ednguez dhe Diana Jim\u00e9nez Medina. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, Islandez\u00ebt nuk kan\u00eb mbiemra familjar\u00eb, por marrin mbiemra t\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt me emrin e prindit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Mbiemri si Helguson, p\u00ebr shembull, do t\u00eb thot\u00eb ‘djali i Helga-s,’ duke u referuar emrit t\u00eb n\u00ebn\u00ebs; shum\u00eb islandez\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb kan\u00eb mbiemra q\u00eb reflektojn\u00eb emrin e babait t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb Kin\u00eb, p\u00ebrqindja e grave q\u00eb bartin mbiemrin e tyre familjar \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rritje. N\u00eb vitin 2018, rreth 8.8 p\u00ebrqind e foshnjave t\u00eb lindura n\u00eb Shangai mor\u00ebn mbiemrin e n\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar ka sugjeruar se ky ndryshim n\u00eb praktikat e mbiemrave mund t\u00eb lidhet me p\u00ebrfundimin e politik\u00ebs q\u00eb lejon linden e vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije n\u00eb Kin\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 2015: N\u00eb nj\u00eb qytet t\u00eb madh e t\u00eb zhvilluar, \u00e7iftet mund t’i japin mbiemrin e babait foshnj\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb dhe mbiemrin e n\u00ebn\u00ebs foshnj\u00ebs s\u00eb dyt\u00eb.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Edhe n\u00eb SHBA dhe Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, mbiemrat patrilineal\u00eb jan\u00eb nj\u00eb konvent\u00eb \u00e7udit\u00ebrisht e re. Si\u00e7 p\u00ebrshkroi Deborah Anthony, profesoresh\u00eb e studimeve juridike n\u00eb Universitetin e Illinois n\u00eb Springfield, n\u00eb nj\u00eb punim t\u00eb vitit 2018, mbiemrat n\u00eb Angli para shekullit t\u00eb 17-t\u00eb nuk ishin t\u00eb standardizuar. Shum\u00eb prej tyre n\u00ebnkuptonin nj\u00eb profesion (si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb Potter – po\u00e7ar) ose vendbanim (si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb Hilton, shkurtim i “qytetit kodrinor”). Mbiemrat ndryshuan gjithashtu me kalimin e koh\u00ebs: nj\u00eb person i quajtur Hilton, p\u00ebr shembull, mund t\u00eb merrte mbiemrin Potter pasi filloi profesionin e tij n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e qeramik\u00ebs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb vitet 1400, shkruante Anthony, kur mbiemrat m\u00eb shpesh kaloheshin drejtp\u00ebrdrejt nga prindi tek f\u00ebmija, shum\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb mor\u00ebn mbiemrin e n\u00ebn\u00ebs ose gjysheve t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kjo filloi t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb rreth shekullit t\u00eb 18-t\u00eb, kur ligjet konsideronin grat\u00eb si pron\u00eb ligjore t\u00eb burrave t\u00eb tyre u rr\u00ebnjos\u00ebn m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb Britani dhe u zhvilluan p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive grat\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb zot\u00ebronin tok\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u00ebr grat\u00eb, marrja e mbiemrit t\u00eb burrit t\u00eb tyre u b\u00eb nj\u00eb simbol i pranimit t\u00eb autoritetit t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rastet e grave q\u00eb ua kalonin emrin f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre pothuajse u zhduk\u00ebn n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara, mbiemrat patrilineal jan\u00eb nj\u00eb norm\u00eb q\u00eb ka ekzistuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb – n\u00eb vitin 1881, nj\u00eb gjykat\u00eb n\u00eb Nju Jork tha se “ligji i zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb mes t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb flisnin anglisht” k\u00ebrkonte q\u00eb grat\u00eb t\u00eb hiqnin dor\u00eb nga mbiemri i tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sot, grat\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruara ligj\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr t’u dh\u00ebn\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre mbiemrin e burrit t\u00eb tyre, por burokracia amerikane ka vazhduar t\u00eb zbatoj\u00eb konventat patrilineale t\u00eb em\u00ebrtimit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anthony ka hulumtuar \u00e7\u00ebshtje gjyq\u00ebsore n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat \u00e7iftet luftojn\u00eb se kush ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t’ua kaloj\u00eb mbiemrin f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. “N\u00ebna pothuajse gjithmon\u00eb humbet”, m\u00eb tha Anthony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gjyqtar\u00eb individual\u00eb kan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur her\u00eb pas here doktrin\u00ebn ligjore t\u00eb “interesit m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebs” p\u00ebr t\u00eb favorizuar t\u00eb atin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Ekziston nj\u00eb kuptim i pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm se t\u00eb kesh mbiemrin e babait \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb thelb n\u00eb interesin m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebs”, tha ajo, duke p\u00ebrmendur rastet kur gjyqtar\u00ebt argumentuan se marrja e mbiemrit t\u00eb babait do t\u00eb thellonte lidhjet familjare ose do t’u siguronte f\u00ebmij\u00ebve m\u00eb shum\u00eb siguri financiare m\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Disa shtete, si Louisiana, mbajn\u00eb politika q\u00eb zbatojn\u00eb mbiemrin patrilineal si parazgjedhje kur babai njihet dhe i mb\u00ebshtet f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 n\u00ebse t\u00eb dy partner\u00ebt bien dakord ndryshe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Faktor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb banal\u00eb, strukturor\u00eb kan\u00eb penguar qasje m\u00eb t\u00eb larmishme ndaj mbiemrit. Kur Al\u00edcia Hern\u00e0ndez Grande, tani kandidate p\u00ebr doktorat\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Northwestern, mori patent\u00ebn e shoferit si adoleshente n\u00eb Hjuston n\u00eb vitin 2004, ajo kujton se Departamenti i Automobilave (DMW) u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb ndante mbiemrin e saj, Hern\u00e0ndez Grande, n\u00eb dy pjes\u00eb. Ata i printuan asaj nj\u00eb licenc\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn “Hern\u00e0ndez” ishte renditur si emri i mes\u00ebm dhe “Grande” si mbiem\u00ebr, duke e shkurtuar emrin e saj n\u00eb Al\u00edcia H. Grande. Hern\u00e0ndez Granden, e cili ishte transferuar n\u00eb SHBA nga Spanja n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 8-vje\u00e7are, e kapi paniku. \u201c\u00cbsht\u00eb e pasakt\u00eb. Nuk p\u00ebrputhet me pasaport\u00ebn time. Nuk p\u00ebrputhej me leje q\u00ebndrimin tim\u201d, m\u00eb tha ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kur ajo dhe n\u00ebna e saj vun\u00eb n\u00eb dukje gabimin, ajo tha se zyrtar\u00ebt i than\u00eb se nuk mund t\u00eb shtonin hap\u00ebsira n\u00eb kolon\u00ebn e mbiemrit. (Hern\u00e0ndez Grande vite m\u00eb von\u00eb ajo arriti t\u00eb korrigjonte licenc\u00ebn.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ky problem me sa duket ishte mjaft i p\u00ebrhapur saq\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 2019, shteti i Nju Jorkut miratoi nj\u00eb ligj p\u00ebr t’i lejuar banor\u00ebt t\u00eb zgjidhnin dy mbiemra t\u00eb ndar\u00eb nga nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. Edhe pse mbiemrat e lidhur me vij\u00eb jan\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb pranuar n\u00eb SHBA krahasuar me mbiemrat e dyfisht\u00eb, edhe ata kan\u00eb hasur pengesa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb vitin 2007, kur nj\u00eb hulumtues po studionte politikat e mbiemrave shtet\u00ebrore, DMV i New Hampshire raportoi se sistemi i tyre kompjuterik nuk lejonte shtimin e vijave n\u00eb mbiemra. (As DMV i New Hampshire, as DMV i Nju Jorkut, as DMV i Teksasit nuk u p\u00ebrgjigj\u00ebn kur u k\u00ebrkuam koment).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kur Hern\u00e0ndez Grande lindi f\u00ebmij\u00eb, ajo vendosi q\u00eb ata do t\u00eb merrnin mbiemrin e burrit t\u00eb saj, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb nga Anglia, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ata nuk do t\u00eb kishin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb si ajo. “Kalimi i nj\u00eb mbiemri t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si kultura ime e b\u00ebn, do t\u00eb ishte thjesht nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikim administrativ p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e mi”, tha ajo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Duke l\u00ebn\u00eb anash pengesat burokratike, shum\u00eb hulumtues dyshojn\u00eb se q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria e mbiemrave patrilineal\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7iftet heteroseksuale lidhet me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si ata flasin p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje kur bisedojn\u00eb p\u00ebr mbiemrin e nj\u00eb f\u00ebmije, ata kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebshteten n\u00eb tradit\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00eb vitin 2016, studiuesit Charlotte J. Patterson dhe Rachel H. Farr krahasuan konventat e mbiemrit midis \u00e7ifteve t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb s\u00eb kund\u00ebrt dhe \u00e7ifteve t\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs gjini, n\u00eb rastet kur ata adoptuan f\u00ebmij\u00eb, duke zbuluar se 52 p\u00ebrqind e \u00e7ifteve t\u00eb gjinis\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb zgjedhin t’u japin f\u00ebmij\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre nj\u00eb version t\u00eb dy mbiemrave me nj\u00eb viz\u00eb ndar\u00ebse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kur studiuesit i k\u00ebrkuan \u00e7ifteve t\u00eb shpjegonin pse zgjodh\u00ebn mbiemrat q\u00eb kishin zgjedhur, “\u00e7iftet lezbike dhe homoseksual\u00eb treguan se kan\u00eb diskutuar shum\u00eb m\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr ato tema sesa \u00e7iftet heteroseksuale,” m\u00eb tha Patterson<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7iftet heteroseksuale fol\u00ebn p\u00ebr bartjen e mbiemrit t\u00eb babait sikur t\u00eb ishte e qart\u00eb n\u00eb vetvete; \u00c7iftet lezbike dhe homoseksuale fol\u00ebn p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn sesi ata donin q\u00eb mbiemri t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt e familjes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ky studim gjithashtu ofron nj\u00eb udh\u00ebrr\u00ebfyes se si normat amerikane t\u00eb mbiemrave mund t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb. Pamja dhe struktura e familjes amerikane \u00ebsht\u00eb transformuar duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00e7ifte queer, m\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00e7ifte t\u00eb pamartuar dhe \u00e7ifte m\u00eb diverse n\u00eb rac\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt duken m\u00eb pak t\u00eb lidhur me mbiemrat patrilineal\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Shum\u00eb hispanik\u00eb n\u00eb SHBA vazhdojn\u00eb traditat e mbiemrave me dyfisht\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, \u00e7iftet e s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs gjini q\u00eb fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb familje, nuk kan\u00eb norma tradicionale p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndjekur dhe shkalla me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn prind\u00ebrit zgjedhin t\u00eb mos martohen \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur ndjesh\u00ebm n\u00eb 50 vitet e fundit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Disa shtete, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Indian\u00ebn, Dakot\u00ebn e Veriut dhe Rhode Island, k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00ebnat e pamartuara t\u00eb bartin mbiemrat e tyre me automatiz\u00ebm (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 rastit kur ka nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb ose p\u00eblqim me shkrim).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cMendoj se mund t\u00eb thuash me nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb besimi se prind\u00ebrit e pamartuar kan\u00eb m\u00eb pak gjasa t\u00eb bartin mbiemrin e babait\u201d, m\u00eb informoi Emily Shafer, nj\u00eb sociologe n\u00eb Universitetin e Portlandit,. Shafer tregoi t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga nj\u00eb studim i vazhduesh\u00ebm nga hulumtues t\u00eb Universiteteve t\u00eb Princetonit dhe Kolumbias, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin 707 n\u00ebna beqare (n\u00eb nj\u00eb sondazh me 3,624 persona) rreth 19.5 p\u00ebrqind, raportuan se nuk do t’i bartnin f\u00ebmij\u00ebs mbiemrin e babait. Edhe n\u00ebse mbiemri patrilineal fillon t\u00eb humbas\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndikimit s\u00eb tij n\u00eb SH.B.A., \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb imagjinohet nj\u00eb standard i vet\u00ebm dhe t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht i drejt\u00eb p\u00ebr mbiemrin. \u00c7do qasje ka kompromiset e saj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kur dy persona me mbiemra t\u00eb ndar\u00eb me viz\u00eb martohen, gjetja e m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si t\u00eb zgjedhin cilin mbiem\u00ebr t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e komplikuar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
(Mbiemrat e dyfisht\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruajn\u00eb gjithashtu linjat patrilineare t\u00eb tyre; Spanja k\u00ebrkonte q\u00eb mbiemri i babait t\u00eb ishte i listuar i par\u00eb – dhe k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb ishte emri i ardhsh\u00ebm q\u00eb do t\u00eb bartjes – derisa ligjet filluan t\u00eb ndryshonin n\u00eb vitin 2000).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Krijimi i nj\u00eb mbiemri t\u00eb ri nga e para, q\u00eb do t\u00eb ndahej nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e familjes, p\u00ebrfshin shum\u00eb dokumente shtes\u00eb. Shum\u00eb gra dhe burra mund t\u00eb zgjedhin t\u00eb mos japin mbiemrin e tyre f\u00ebmij\u00ebve n\u00ebse ky mbiem\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur me traum\u00eb familjare. M\u00ebnyra e em\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb familjes duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb zgjedhje p\u00ebr \u00e7do \u00e7ift.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Emrat sot nuk tregojn\u00eb m\u00eb nj\u00eb profesion, vendlindje ose shenj\u00eb pron\u00ebsie; n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, ato pasqyrojn\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb vler\u00ebson nj\u00eb familje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u00ebrqindja e foshnjave amerikane t\u00eb em\u00ebrtuar me 10 emrat e par\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb popullarizuar p\u00ebr djemt\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb ulur drastikisht n\u00eb shekullin e kaluar, nga 40 p\u00ebrqind n\u00eb vitet 1880 n\u00eb 8 p\u00ebrqind n\u00eb vitin 2015, nj\u00eb statistik\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb reflektoj\u00eb nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb personave q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin emrat p\u00ebr t\u00eb shprehur identitetin e tyre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u00ebse prind\u00ebrit e rinj vendosin t\u00eb diskutojn\u00eb se si t\u00eb strukturojn\u00eb mbiemrin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, ata mund t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthim mbiemrash t\u00eb llojllojsh\u00ebm\u201d, tha Mallinson. Sot ndikimi i n\u00ebn\u00ebs dhe i babait mund t\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb n\u00eb mbiem\u00ebr me viz\u00eb, mbiem\u00ebr t\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb e n\u00eb opsione tjera. P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur atje, \u00e7iftet dhe n\u00ebpun\u00ebsit duhet t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb p\u00ebrtej normave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Michael Waters<\/p>\n\n\n\n